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International Harmonized Research Activities:
Intelligent Transport Systems
Transport Canada
Y. Ian Noy, Ph.D., P.Eng., CPE
Ergonomics DivisionRoad Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate
Transport Canada
330 Sparks St.., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0N5Tel: (613) 998-2268 Fax: (613) 998-4831 NOYI@tc.gc.ca
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Intelligent Transport Systems
• Reduce congestion• Improve safety• Increase efficiency• Improve comfort• Improve transit services• Reduce fuel consumption• Reduce emissions
Automated aidsSmart cards
Traffic monitoringTraffic management
Information databasesImage processorsMicroprocessors
Communication linksDigital maps
Positioning & tracking Transportation objectives
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Levels of Automation
InformationWarningDriver assistance (active pedal)Partial control of vehicle
functions (steering, stop&go)Complete control of vehicle
(AHS)
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Rationalizing Automation
Each level has unique safety issues
Each level must coexist with other levels
Progression from one level to next is not incremental– it represents a radical change
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Vehicle-based Driver Assistance and Crash Avoidance Systems
Vision enhancement & visual range warning Intelligent speed adaptation Adaptive cruise control Collision warning (e.g., lane departure, rear-end, lane
change, intersection) Fatigue/impairment warning Pavement monitoring and friction warning Vehicle Stability Warning and Assistance Emergency reporting and response Backing and merging aids
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
ITS: Safety Impact Framework
Indirect +
Direct +
Positive
-
-
Negative
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Direct Safety Benefits
Reduction of crash risk through• on-board CA systems• road-side CA systems• tolerance for driver/system errors
Mitigation of crash consequences through improved emergency response
Indirect +
Direct +
Positive
-
-
Negative
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Indirect Safety Benefits
Reduced exposure (optimized routes and trip lengths, and greater choice of mode)
Reduced exposure to unauthorized use (elicense)
Reduced traffic variance and conflicts (through better traffic management and improved interaction between driver and other road users)
Reduced driver stress and fatigue
Indirect +
Direct +
Positive
-
-
Negative
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Direct Safety Risks
Driver distraction Driver overload Driver confusion Reduced situation awareness Lack of trust/acceptance due to false or
nuisance alarms Increased discomfort, stress Command effect
-
Indirect +
Direct +
Positive
-
Negative
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Indirect Safety Risks
Behavioural adaptationIncreased travel (pleasurable)Loss of skill & negative transferViolation of expectation (by non-users)Collision migration (MV to SV, to other
users, etc.)
Indirect +
Direct +
Positive
-
-
Negative
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Safety impact depends largely on the extent to which the system supports users’ needs, and is compatible with human capabilities and limitations
Driving Task ITS
+
-
Collisions
ITS technology is safety neutral - Its implementation is safety critical
ITS Safety, or IS IT?
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Government’s Role
Discourage technologies/implementations that are likely to have an adverse effect on safety
Encourage implementation of technologies that are likely to have safety benefits
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV):International Harmonized Research Activities
• Australia• Canada• France• Germany• Hungary• Italy• Japan
• the Netherlands• Poland• Sweden• U.K. • U.S.A.• EC• EESV
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
ESV: IHRA Working Groups
Intelligent Transport SystemsAdvanced Offset Frontal Crash ProtectionPedestrian SafetyBiomechanicsVehicle CompatibilitySide Impact
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
IHRA-ITS : Objectives
to coordinate international policy-oriented research to minimize the potential adverse consequences of on-board ITS technologies.
to develop procedures for the evaluation of safety of in-vehicle information, control and communication systems.
to provide an international view of the state of research into understanding the safety impact of driver workload and distraction.
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Aspects of System Safety
1. System Reliability• Reliability of hardware and software, the propensity for
malfunction and the potential to go into a dangerous and/or unanticipated safety mode.
2. Human Machine Interaction (HMI)• Key issues are function allocation, the design of interface,
definition of dialogue between the user and the system.
3. Overall Traffic System • The aggregate effect on the traffic system as a whole.
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Scope
includes original and aftermarket on-board information, control and communication systems, including• telematics• driver assistance systems, and • collision warning and avoidance systems
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Summary of Activities
Conceptual FrameworkWorkshopsSurvey of current researchPriority Projects
For further information visithttp://199.79.179.92/ITS/ITS.html
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Priority Projects
1. Development of a harmonized safety evaluation methodology framework
2. Driver understanding and expectation of ITS systems3. Human factors principles checklist4. Normative data on naturalistic driving behavior5. Simulator reference test scenarios6. Improved secondary task methodology for evaluating
safety effects of driver workload7. Harmonization and validation of surrogate safety
measures
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Importance of ITS Safety Research
Expands ESV’s role into crash avoidanceElaborates the role of governments with
respect to ITS safetyITS safety is currently unregulated;
therefore, there is a reasonable prospect for harmonized policies based on shared scientific understanding of the issues
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Key Challenges for Government
Traditional policy paradigms not suitable:• Design cycle shorter than policy cycle• Technology is diversifying rapidly• Science lags technology
Integration by consumer, not industryJurisdictional boundaries no longer valid
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
IHRA-WP.29 Liaison
IHRA research focus• Summarize state of knowledge• Coordinate joint research• Develop test procedures
WP.29 to identify regulatory needs and priorities. IHRA to coordinate the regulatory development research to support WP.29 work program
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Recommendations vis WP.29
coordinate with WP.1 and WP.15 on ITS-related matters (ISA)
Develop strategy for global regulation development for on-board ITS • ST – coordinate among existing GR’s, lead?• LT – create new GR
utilize IHRA-ITS WG as Informal Group for ITS-related matters
Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada
World Forum for Harminization of
Vehicle Regulations
WP.29
GevevaNovember
2001
IHRA-ITS
Possible Short Term Plan
GRRF – Collision avoidance, driver assistance (ACC, ESP), ISA
GRE/GRRF?– Reliability (Annex 18)GRE/GRSG? – Collision and drowsiness
warning, vision enhancement, maneuvering aids
GRSG – Telematics, navigationGRSP – Collision mitigation?