Introductory Concepts

RAIDS

Revision

Arrangement

Invention

Delivery

Style

IAR Questions

What is invention? (What activities did the writer(s) have to engage in to create the text?)

What is being invented? (What ideas, practices, arguments, etc. are created through the text?)

What is being arranged? (What is being put in relation to what?)

What is arrangement? (How are things being put in relation to one another?)

What is being revised? (What is the writer(s) trying to change (e.g. what ideas, practices, etc.?))

What is revision? (What is the writer trying to change (e.g. what ideas, practices, etc.?)

SWAP Analysis

Subject

Writer

Audience

Purpose

Rhetorical Appeals (Proofs)

Logos

Pathos

Ethos

Building the Logos

One part argument : the claim alone

Two part argument: the enthymemeWarrant (major premise) is implied

Three part argument: Full Toulmin model

Building Blocks of Arguments: Values and Facts

Values

Facts

Using sourcesPersonal experience

Testimony of others

Authority

Reliability of sources

Online sources – be careful…

Ethos

The Elements of EthosGood Sense

Good Will

Good Moral Character

Ethos

Types of EthosExtrinsic Ethos

Intrinsic Ethos

Establishing Ethos in Writing

Intellectual Virtue of Reasonableness

I am not an extremist

I know the other side and they are wrong

I see merit on the other side

I concede one or more points to the other side

I may be wrong, but…

Pathos

Are emotional appeals legitimate?

Evoking Pathos in Argument

Choosing words carefullyEuphemisms

Periphrasis or circumlocution (taking the long way around)

Descriptive language