Post on 23-Dec-2015
transcript
Introduction to Information Systems
Source: Management Information Systems, 10th editionRaymond McLeod, Jr & George P. Schell
History of Information Systems
• Evolution in computer hardware–Mainframe–Multitasking
• Smaller computers–Minicomputers–Microcomputers–Personal computers (PC)
Intro to Computer Architecture
• Moore’s Law– Named after Gordon Moore, one of the founders
of Intel, 1960– Originally stated that the storage density of
integrated circuit on silicon chip doubled every year.
– Computer power doubles every 18 months for a given cost.• If you purchased computer 15 yrs from today, it would be 1024
times as powerful, yet cost the same today’s model
Computer Architecture (Cont’d)
• Hardware – processor, keyboard, monitor, mouse, printer, etc.
• Software – application, operating, etc. • Used to support managerial decision making.• Modem – hardware device that modulates the digital
signals from a computer into analog signals (telephone system), and vice versa.
• Direct communication standards– Between computers is much faster.
• Wireless networks
Evolution in Computer Applications
• Information systems are virtual systems that enable management to control the operations of the physical system of the firm.
• Physical system – tangible resources such as materials, personnel, machines, and money.
• Virtual system – information resources that are used to represent the physical system.
The Physical System of the Firm
Transaction Processing Systems
• Data – facts and figures that are generally unusable due to their large volume and unrefined nature.
• Information – processed data that is meaningful; tells users something.
• Transaction Processing System (TPS) processes data that reflects the activities of the firm.
Management Information Systems
• Management Information System (MIS) is a computer-based system that makes information available to users with similar needs.
• Report-writing software – produces both periodic and special reports.
• Mathematical models – produces information as a simulation of the firm’s operations.
MIS (Cont’d)
• Information provided by MIS describes the firm or one of its major systems.–What has happened in the past.–What is happening now.–What is likely to happen in the future.
• Interorganizational information system (IOS) – is formed when a firm interacts with others, such as suppliers.
Virtual Office Systems
• Office automation – use of electronics to facilitate communication.
• Personal productivity systems – use technology to self-manage clerical tasks such as calendars, address books, etc.
• Virtual office – performing office activities independent of a particular physical location.
Decision Support Systems
• Decision Support System (DSS) – assists management in solving a problem.
• DSS has more rifle approach to problem solving whereas MIS has more information provider to solve problem
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
• Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) is a computer-based system that enables the management of all of the firm’s resources on an organization-wide basis.– Y2K complaint– SAP – ERP Provider
Information System Users
• First users were clerical users on TPSs.• MISs added problem-solvers as users.• Managerial Levels– Strategic planning level– Management control level– Operational control level
Management Levels
Managers in Business Areas
Management FunctionsBy Henri Fayol, French 1914
Problem Solving & Decision Making
• Problem – a condition or event that is harmful or potentially harmful to a firm or that is beneficial or potentially beneficial.
• Solution – outcome of the problem-solving activity.
• Decision – a particular selected course of action.
Four Problem-Solving Phases
• Intelligence activity. Search the environment for conditions calling for a solution.
• Design activity. Invent, develop, and analyze possible courses of action.
• Choice activity. Select a particular course of action from those available.
• Review activity. Assess past choices.
The Future of Information Technology
• Reduced cost & increased power of both computers and communications.
• Computers & communications are converging, i.e. cell phones with browsers.
• Future computing will be low cost, small in size, mobile, and connected.