Introductory Psychology Growth of the Mind and Person.

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Introductory Psychology

Growth of the Mind Growth of the Mind and Person and Person

Questions

• At which age do children begin to hear sound?• At which age can we teach children to swim?• After which age do children become less likely

to develop a close bond with the adoptive parents?

• At which do children begin to understand 1+1=2 or 2-1=1?

… Could you tell me how to grow, or is it unconveyed, like melody or witchcraft?

--- Emily Dickinson (1862)

Part I. Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology

• A scientific study of the development of behavior and mind from conception to death– Prenatal development

– Infancy (0 - 2 years)

– Childhood (2 - 12 years)

– Adolescence (12 - 20 years)

– Adulthood (20 -65 years)

– Aged & aging (65 year +)

IndexMajor Areas of Developmental Psychology• Physical development

– bodily structures– motor development

• Cognitive development– Sensation, perception, memory, thinking (reasoning),

language

• Chapter 11• Social development

– Emotion, social knowledge, morality, personality

• Chapter 12

IndexMethodology of Developmental Psychology

• Observation– Naturalistic observation– Controlled observation

(experiments)

Example of Naturalistic Observation• Craig & Pepler (1992)

– Bullying & victimization in the playground

• Bullying occurred every 7.5 min.

• Average length: 38 sec.

• Adults intervened in 3% of the time

• 36% involved objects, 24% racially motivated

male female

bullies victims bully-victims

Example of Experimental Study• Bandura (1965)

– Observational learning

• Whether children would imitate aggressive behaviors

– Conditions• no consequence

• model rewarded

• model punished 0

f acts

no consequence model rewardedmodel punished

Patterns of Development

Ascending pattern

0102030405060708090

Age1 Age2 Age3 Age4

Patterns of Development

Descending pattern

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Age1 Age2 Age3 Age4

Pattern of Development

U-shaped pattern

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Age1 Age2 Age3 Age4

IndexDevelopmental functions: Reversed U-shaped pattern

Reversed U-shaped pattern

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Age 1 Age 2 Age 3 Age 4

IndexDevelopmental functions: Stage-like pattern

Stepwise pattern

Age1 Age2 Age3 Age4 Age5 Age6

IndexImplications of Developmental Psychology

• Theoretical– Adult mind &

behavior– Human evolution– Philosophy– Curiosity

• Practical – Clinical– Educational– Parenting– Legal

Part 2. Physical Development

Genetic Inheritance

Dominant & Recessive Genes

Conception

Prenatal Development• Conception

• Zygote stage (<2 weeks)

• Embryo stage (2 - 8 weeks)

• Fetal stage (2 - 9 months)

5 weeks 7 weeks 12 weeks 14 weeks

Onset of Key Body Parts• Central nervous system: 2 weeks

• Heart: 4 weeks

• Eye, arm, & leg: 4 weeks

• Teeth, ear: 6 weeks

• External genitalia: 8 weeks

Teratogens

• Cocaine and Heroin – Miscarriage,

premature birth, birth defects

• Alcohol– Fetal alcohol

syndrome, motor development problems

Teratogens

• Smoking – Reduces oxygen flow,

increases CO2, increases odds of premature birth, low birth weight, and miscarriage

• Medicine– Thalidomide

Maternal Age & Down’s Syndrome

<24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 >45

% cases

Body Growth

• Physical growth– Weight– Height– Growth

Brain growth• Brain weight

– 25% of an adult’s at birth, 60-70% at 1 year, 90% at 5 years, 100% at 6 years

• Neurons– 50% die during prenatal period

• Connections– 50% more connections than an adult’s

Motor Development: Reflexes

• Rooting (birth to around 1 year)

• Sucking (present at birth)

• Swallowing (present at birth)

• Crying (present at birth)

• Breathing (starts at full-term birth)

• Grasping reflex: disappears around 3-4 months

• Tonic neck reflex: 28 weeks gestation age & disappears around 3-4 months

• Stepping reflex: 6 weeks optimal & disappears around 3 months

• Swimming reflex (birth onset): disappears around 4-6 months if not used

Motor Milestones

Principles of Motor Development

• Proximal-distal direction– the tendency of body

movement development in a trunk to extremities direction (near to far)

• Cephalocaudal direction– tendency of body

movement development in a head to foot direction (head to tail)

Part 3. Cognitive Development

Sensation

• Hearing– 28 weeks gestation

age (100-110 db: Dr. Kisilevsky)

– localizes sound at birth, disappears at 2 months, reappears at 4 months (Dr. Muir)

• Taste• Smell

Sensation

• Vision– visual acuity

• 20/300 at birth, 20/150 at 1 month, 20/70 at 4 months, 20/35 at 8 months, 20/20 at school ages

Sensation

• Vision– Imprinting (Lorenz)– Critical period

• period during which the organism is most sensitive to certain external stimuli

– Visual input is critical as early as the infant is born

Long-term consequence of early visual deprivation (Le Grand et al., 2001)

• Congenital cataracts– configural

processing deficit

Sensation

• Vision– color vision

• yellow, red, green at birth

• blue, gray at 1 month

• categorical perception at 4 months

– peripheral vision

Infant Research Methods• Habituation method

– Habituating stimulus until infant loses interest– Dishabituating stimulus to see whether infant

regains interest

Infant Research Methods• Preferential looking

method

– Presenting a pair of stimuli to see whether infant looks longer at one of them

Perception

• Depth perception– crawling study– heart rate study

Perception

• Depth perception

Perception

• Size constancy

• Shape constancy Habituating Stimulus

Habituating Stimulus

Perception• Inter-sensory integration

– Meltzoff & Borton (1979)• 1-month-olds

• sucking on one of the pacifiers and then seeing the pair

• 72% looked longer at the previously sucked pacifier

Perception

• Sensory-motor integration– Imitation (Meltzoff & Moore, 1977)

Memory

• Short-term memory– Capacity

8digit span

Memory

• Short-term memory– Processing

Memory

• Long-term memory– Reinforced kicking

paradigm• mobile with or

without string

• 2-, 3-, 6-month-olds

0 7 14 21days (retention interval)

kicking

2 month 3 month6 month

Memory• Memory Strategies

– rehearsal

• Metamemory

– memory monitoring

Thinking & Reasoning• Piaget’s theory

– Schema: the mode in which thinking is carried out

• behavioral schema• symbolic schema• operational schema

– Assimilation

• children change new experience to fit the existing schema

– Accommodation

• children change the existing schema to fit new experience

IndexPiaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Object Permanence

• Object permanence– the notion that an object continues to exist

even out of sight (out of sight is not out of mind)

Egocentrism

• Three mountain task– Piaget’s results

– 4-6-year-olds choose their own view

– 6-9-year-olds randomly choose other views

– 9-10-year-olds choose a correct view

Conservation

• Liquid conservation task– pre-operational

child fails the task

– concrete operation child succeeds in the task

Formal operational thinking• Balance Beam Task

– Concrete operational children fail the task

– Formal operational children succeed in the task because they are able to consider more than two factors simultaneously and use hypothesis testing

Counter evidence

• Object permanence– impossible event

studies

Count evidence

• Object permanence– Infant

addition and subtraction

Count evidence• Egocentrism

– theory of mind studies

• Displacement Task

3 years 4 years 5 years

% of children who were correct

Count Evidence• Egocentrism

– Representational Change Task (theory of mind task)

• Gopnik & Astington (1988)

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

3 years 4 years 5 years

False belief

Representationalchange

Counter evidence

• Balance beam task– Siegler:

• Rule 1: weight only• Rule 2: weight &

distance when weights are the same on both sides

• Rule 3: weight versus distance

• Rule 4: weight X distance

Counter evidence• Balance beam task

– Rules 1-2: <9 years, Rules 2-3: 9-17 years, Rule 4: >17 years

Introductory Psychology Growth of the Mind and Person.

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