InvertebratesStarfish

Arthropods

Mollusks Insects

Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

4 Characteristics that ALL animals share:

1. Be multicellular – composed of more than 1 cell

2. Be Eukaryotic – have a nucleus and other organelles in each cell

3. Be Heterotrophic – Consume or eat food

4. Have no cell walls

Animals carryout 7 essential functions to survive.

1.Feeding- all animals must obtain food

2.Respiration- all animals must take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide

3.Circulation- all animals must have a system of transporting oxygen, nutrients and waste

4. Excretion- all animals eliminate waste

5. Response-most animals have nerve cells or a nervous system to respond to stimuli.

6. Movement- most animals have muscles or muscular/skeletal systems for movement or they have a way to move or circulate water for feeding.

7. Reproduction-most reproduction is sexual using haploid gametes

Section 26-1

have are carry out

with such as

Concept Map

Animals

Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

Eukaryoticcells Heterotrophs Essential

functions

No cell walls

Multicellular

are

From simple groups of animals to more complex groups, the body characteristics that develop:

A. Cell specialization- animal have different types of cells which have special structures to perform special tasks.

B. Levels of organization - animal bodies are organized to carry out complex functions-

1. Cells form tissue

2. Tissues form organs

3. Organs form organ systems

Muscle cell muscle tissue Organ Organ system

Section 7- 4

Levels of Organization

Go to Section:

C. Body symmetry, 2 types1. Radial- simple animals; body parts repeat around center2. Bilateral- complex animals; body has two equal halves which allows for cephalization and a coelom

– Cephalization- sense organs are concentrated near front

– Coelom = Body cavity- most animals have an internal space for organs to be cushioned and protected.

Section 26-1

RadialBilateral

Ventral side

Dorsal side

Posterior end

Anterior end

Figure 26–5 Body Symmetry

Simple

Complex

D. Similar Early Development –In most animals, zygote divides to form a hollow ball of cells called a Blastula. The blastula develops 3 layers of cells called germ layers

1. Endoderm- innermost, forms digestive tract and respiratory system.

2. Mesoderm- middle, forms muscles, circulatory and reproductive systems

3. Ectoderm- outer, sense organs and skin• Blastopore- hole that will form mouth or anus

B. Animals are separated into 2 groups:

1. Invertebrates- have no backbone, largest group, many phyla.

2. Vertebrates- have a backbone, one phylum

Section 33-1

Fishes(47%)

Nonvertebrate chordates(4%)

Mammals(8%)

Birds(18%)

Reptiles(14%)

Amphibians(9%)

Figure 33–4 Diversity of Chordates

The Vertebrates

1. Vertebral Column – (developed from the outer portion of the notochord)

2. Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone that grows with the animal

3. Brain encased by skull

4. Complex organ systems

Echinoderm Ancestor Notochord and Hollow Nerve chord,

Classification of the 7 living classes:

1. Class Agnatha – Jawless fishes. Lamprey - parasitic, Hagfish -scavengers.

a. Eel shaped, Jawless, sucker shaped mouth, Cold –blooded, Only have a few cartilage plates in their skull , External fertilization, lay eggs in water, have gills

Hagfish

Digests decaying fish from inside out. Secretes huge quantities of slime to defend itself. Ties itself in a knot to get rid of slime

Most important evolutionary event in animal history

2. Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous fishes. Sharks, skates, rays.

a. Skeleton of Cartilage, Paired fins, Cold-blooded, Tooth like scales on skin called dermal denticles, moveable jaw attached to skull, Internal & External fertilization

Great White

Hammerhead

Tiger Shark

Blue Shark

Close Up of Shark Skin

3. Class Osteichthyes- Bony fishes. Perch, trout, catfish, bass

a. Skeleton of bone, Gill cover called operculum, Body covered by scales, Cold-blooded, Most External fertilization

Perch

Goldfish

4. Class Amphibia – Frogs, toads, salamanders. (DOUBLE LIFE)

a. As larva, have gills. As adults, have lungs and limbs adapted for life on land. Reproduce in water & lay eggs in water. Cold-blooded. Have moist skin & usually do not have claws

Section 30-3

Adult FrogAdult Frog

Young FrogYoung Frog

Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs

TadpolesTadpoles

Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.

Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

The Life Cycle of a FrogMetamorphosis- Major body change over a life time.

Tree Frog

Southern Toad

4 toed salamander

Marbled Salamander

5. Class Reptilia- Snakes, lizards, turtles, and alligators.

a. Reproduce on land by laying leathery eggs. The amniotic egg makes reptiles the first group to be well adapted to life on land. Dry, scaly skin with claws on the toes. Well-developed lungs. Cold-blooded

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake

Snapping Turtle

Gopher Tortoise

6. Class Aves- Birds. a. Have feathers and bodies adapted for

flight: Hollow or partly hollow bones, Lungs & Air Sacs, Large Chest Muscles. Reproduce by laying eggs with calcium shell. Warm-blooded.

American Bald Eagle

7. Class Mammalia – Mammals.

a. Most young develop internally and are nursed after birth on milk created by mammary glands. Most have fur or hair at some time during their lives. Well-developed brain. Warm-blooded

Brain Encased Skull

jawsBony Skeleton

Lungs

Amniotic Egg

Hard Shells

Fur & Milk Glands