IONIC COMPOUNDSIONIC COMPOUNDS

Naming and Formula WritingNaming and Formula Writing

Predicting Charges on Monatomic IonsPredicting Charges on Monatomic IonsKNOW THESE !!!!KNOW THESE !!!!

+1 +2 -3 -2 -1 0

Cd+2

Naming Positive IonsNaming Positive Ions

Before you name an Ion you have to Before you name an Ion you have to know the charge.know the charge.

Group 1 = always +1Group 1 = always +1 Group 2 = always +2Group 2 = always +2 Aluminum = always +3Aluminum = always +3 Zinc and Cadmium = always +2Zinc and Cadmium = always +2 Silver = always +1Silver = always +1

The Other MetalsThe Other Metals

All other metals can have various positive All other metals can have various positive charges from +1 to +7charges from +1 to +7

Roman Numerals are used to tell the Roman Numerals are used to tell the chargecharge

Monatomic IonsMonatomic Ions

Naming Postive IonsNaming Postive Ions

With group 1, 2, Al, Zn, Cd, and Ag you With group 1, 2, Al, Zn, Cd, and Ag you just give the name of the atomjust give the name of the atom NaNa++ is Sodium is Sodium MgMg+2+2 is Magnesium is Magnesium AgAg++ is Silver is Silver AlAl+3+3 is Aluminum is Aluminum

All the other metalsAll the other metals

With all other metals you give the name With all other metals you give the name Metal followed by a roman numerialMetal followed by a roman numerial CuCu++ - Copper (I) - Copper (I) CuCu+2+2 – Copper (II) – Copper (II) FeFe+2+2 – Iron (II) – Iron (II) FeFe+3+3 – Iron (III) – Iron (III) UU+6+6 – Uranium (VI) – Uranium (VI)

Naming negative ionsNaming negative ions

All negative ions have their endings All negative ions have their endings changed to –idechanged to –ide

Oxygen becomes oxideOxygen becomes oxide Fluorine becomes FluorideFluorine becomes Fluoride Nitrogen becomes NitrideNitrogen becomes Nitride Chlorine becomes ChlorideChlorine becomes Chloride

Names of other Negative Names of other Negative IonsIons

Carbide = what you want your parents to Carbide = what you want your parents to do for youdo for you

Boride = what happened at the rodeoBoride = what happened at the rodeo Silicide = what you are seeing right nowSilicide = what you are seeing right now Fluoride = a state in the unionFluoride = a state in the union Iodide = Very sad, I guess we will have to Iodide = Very sad, I guess we will have to

Barium.Barium.

Formulas of Ionic Formulas of Ionic CompoundsCompounds

Formulas of ionic compounds are determined Formulas of ionic compounds are determined from the charges on the ionsfrom the charges on the ions

atomsatoms ions ions

––

Na Na + + F : F : Na Na+ + : F : : F : NaF NaF

sodium + fluorine sodium fluoride formulasodium + fluorine sodium fluoride formula

Charge balance: Charge balance: 1+1+ 1-1- = = 0 0

Writing a FormulaWriting a Formula

Write the formula for the ionic compound that will Write the formula for the ionic compound that will form between Baform between Ba2+2+ and Cl and Cl..

To cancel out Ba’s +2, then two -1 Cl’s are needed.To cancel out Ba’s +2, then two -1 Cl’s are needed.

Solution:Solution:1. Balance charge with + and – ions 1. Balance charge with + and – ions 2. Write the positive ion of metal first, and the2. Write the positive ion of metal first, and the

negative ion negative ion BaBa2+2+ Cl Cl ClCl

3. Write the number of ions needed as 3. Write the number of ions needed as

subscriptssubscripts BaClBaCl22

Balancing a formula by Balancing a formula by mathmath

Every ionic compound should have a Every ionic compound should have a formula that has a charge that equals formula that has a charge that equals zero.zero.

Barium FluorideBarium Fluoride BaBa+2+2 F F--

How many F’s are needed to balance BaHow many F’s are needed to balance Ba+2+2 ? ? TwoTwo Formula is BaFFormula is BaF22

Another way – Drop, Another way – Drop, Swap, ReduceSwap, Reduce

Aluminum OxideAluminum Oxide Al is always +3Al is always +3 Oxide is always -2Oxide is always -2 AlAl+3+3, O, O-2-2

DROP: AlDROP: Al33OO22

SWAP: AlSWAP: Al22OO33

REDUCE: 2 and 3 are lowest integers, REDUCE: 2 and 3 are lowest integers, so leave aloneso leave alone

Another exampleAnother example

Magnesium OxideMagnesium Oxide Mg is +2Mg is +2 Oxide is -2Oxide is -2 MgMg+2+2, O, O-2-2

DROP: MgDROP: Mg22OO22

SWAP: MgSWAP: Mg22OO22

REDUCE: MgO, 2 and 2 divide each REDUCE: MgO, 2 and 2 divide each other out. other out.

Learning CheckLearning Check

Write the correct formula for the Write the correct formula for the compounds containing the following compounds containing the following ions:ions:1. 1. NaNa++, , SS2-2-

a) NaSa) NaS b) Na b) Na22SS c) NaSc) NaS22

2. Al2. Al3+3+, Cl, Cl--

a) AlCla) AlCl33 b) AlCl b) AlCl c) Alc) Al33ClCl3. Mg3. Mg2+2+, N, N3-3-

a) MgNa) MgN b) Mg b) Mg22NN33 c) Mgc) Mg33NN22

SolutionSolution

1. Na1. Na++, , SS2-2-

b) Nab) Na22SS

2. Al2. Al3+3+, Cl, Cl--

a) AlCla) AlCl33

3. Mg3. Mg2+2+, N, N3-3-

c) Mgc) Mg33NN22

Naming CompoundsNaming Compounds

Binary Ionic Compounds:Binary Ionic Compounds: 1. Cation first, then anion1. Cation first, then anion

2. Monatomic cation = name of the element2. Monatomic cation = name of the element CaCa2+2+ = = calciumcalcium ionion

3. Monatomic anion = 3. Monatomic anion = rootroot + + -ide-ide ClCl = = chlorchlorideide

CaClCaCl22 = = calcium chlorcalcium chlorideide

Naming Binary Ionic Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompounds

Examples:Examples:

NaClNaCl

ZnIZnI22

AlAl22OO33

sodium chloride

zinc iodide

aluminum oxide

Learning CheckLearning Check

Complete the names of the following binary Complete the names of the following binary compounds:compounds:

NaNa33NN sodium sodium ________________________________

KBrKBr potassiumpotassium ________________________________

AlAl22OO33 aluminum aluminum ________________________________

MgSMgS __________________________________________________

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Elements that can have more than one possible Elements that can have more than one possible

charge MUST have a Roman Numeral to indicate charge MUST have a Roman Numeral to indicate

the charge on the individual ion.the charge on the individual ion.

1+ or 2+ 2+ or 3+1+ or 2+ 2+ or 3+

CuCu++,, CuCu2+2+ Fe Fe2+2+, Fe, Fe3+3+

copper(I) ion copper(I) ion iron(II) ion iron(II) ion copper (II) ion iron(III) ioncopper (II) ion iron(III) ion

Names of Variable IonsNames of Variable Ions

These elements REQUIRE Roman Numerals because they can These elements REQUIRE Roman Numerals because they can have more than one possible charge:have more than one possible charge:anything except Group 1A, 2A, Ag, Zn, Cd, and Alanything except Group 1A, 2A, Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al

(You should already know the charges on these!)(You should already know the charges on these!)

Or another way to say it is: Transition metals and theOr another way to say it is: Transition metals and the metalsmetals in groups 4A andin groups 4A and

5A (except Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al) require a Roman Numeral. 5A (except Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al) require a Roman Numeral.

FeClFeCl33 (Fe(Fe3+3+)) iron (III) chlorideiron (III) chlorideCuClCuCl (Cu(Cu++ ) ) copper (I) chloridecopper (I) chlorideSnFSnF44 (Sn(Sn4+4+)) tin (IV) fluoridetin (IV) fluoridePbClPbCl22 (Pb(Pb2+2+)) lead (II) chloridelead (II) chloride

FeFe22SS33 (Fe(Fe3+3+)) iron (III) sulfideiron (III) sulfide

Examples of Older Names of Cations formed Examples of Older Names of Cations formed from Transition Metalsfrom Transition Metals(you do not have to memorize these)(you do not have to memorize these)

Learning CheckLearning Check

Complete the names of the following binary Complete the names of the following binary

compounds with variable metal ions:compounds with variable metal ions:

FeBrFeBr22 iron (_____) bromideiron (_____) bromide

CuClCuCl copper (_____) chloridecopper (_____) chloride

SnOSnO22 ___(_____ ) _________________(_____ ) ______________

FeFe22OO33 ________________________________________________

HgHg22SS ________________________________________________

Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions

Some ions are composed of more then Some ions are composed of more then one atom.one atom.

These are called polyatomic ionsThese are called polyatomic ions Poly = morePoly = more

Formulas and namesFormulas and names

Nitrate = NONitrate = NO33--

Sulfate = SOSulfate = SO44-2 -2

Silver nitrateSilver nitrate AgAg++ NO NO33

-- DSR = AgNODSR = AgNO33

Copper (I) SulfateCopper (I) Sulfate CuCu++ SO SO44

-2 -2

CuCu22SOSO44

More PolyatomicsMore Polyatomics

Lead (IV) PhosphateLead (IV) Phosphate PbPb+4+4 PO PO44

-3-3

PbPb33(PO(PO44))44

Notice: When more then one Polyatomic Notice: When more then one Polyatomic is present you surround it with ()is present you surround it with ()

Big: The subscripts on Polyatomic ions Big: The subscripts on Polyatomic ions are NEVER changed.are NEVER changed.

Learning CheckLearning Check

Write the correct formula for the compounds Write the correct formula for the compounds containing the following ions:containing the following ions:

1. 1. NaNa++, , POPO44-3-3

a) Naa) NaPOPO44 b) Na b) Na22POPO44 c) Nac) Na33POPO44

2. Al2. Al3+3+, , NONO33--

a) Al(a) Al(NONO33))33 b) Al b) AlNONO33 c) Alc) Al33NONO33

3. 3. NHNH44++, N, N3-3-

a) a) NHNH44NN b) b) NHNH44NN c) (c) (NHNH44))33NN

AnswersAnswers

1. 1. NaNa++, , POPO44-3-3

c) Nac) Na33POPO44

2. Al2. Al3+3+, , NONO33--

a) Al(a) Al(NONO33))33

3. 3. NHNH44++, N, N3-3-

c) (c) (NHNH44))33NN

Polyatomic Ions you have to Polyatomic Ions you have to knowknow

NAME NAME FORMULA FORMULA

Acetate Acetate CC22HH33OO- -

Carbonate Carbonate COCO33-2 -2

Chlorate Chlorate ClOClO33- -

Cyanide Cyanide CNCN--

Hydroxide Hydroxide OHOH--

Nitrate Nitrate NONO33--

Phosphate Phosphate POPO44-3-3

Sulfate Sulfate SOSO44-2-2

Ammonium Ammonium NHNH44++

More on PolyatomicsMore on Polyatomics

Most polyatomic ions end in –Most polyatomic ions end in –ateate. . The ending –The ending –iteite means one less oxygen means one less oxygen

is present then in the ending –is present then in the ending –ateate.. Example: NitrExample: Nitrateate versus Nitr versus Nitriteite: : NONO33

-- NO NO22--

NOTICE: Only the number of O’s NOTICE: Only the number of O’s changed, not the charge.changed, not the charge.

Even MoreEven More

The Prefix The Prefix HypoHypo means two less oxygen’s are means two less oxygen’s are present then in –present then in –ateate..

Example: Example: HypoHyposulfite:sulfite: SOSO22-2-2

The Prefix The Prefix PerPer- means one extra oxygen is - means one extra oxygen is present then in –present then in –ateate..

Examples: Examples: PerPerchloratechlorate ClOClO44

--

ChlorateChlorate ClOClO33--

ChlorChloriteite ClOClO22--

HypoHypoChlorChloriteite ClOClO--

What if Hydrogen is in it?What if Hydrogen is in it?

The Prefix The Prefix BiBi means that a Hydrogen is means that a Hydrogen is added, and the charge is reduced by added, and the charge is reduced by one.one.

Example: Example: BiBiCarbonateCarbonate HCOHCO33

--

Properties of Ionic Properties of Ionic CompoundsCompounds

Ionic compounds are:Ionic compounds are: also known as also known as saltssalts They are usually They are usually hardhard and and brittlebrittle Conduct electricityConduct electricity when molten or when molten or

dissolveddissolved Have Have very high meltingvery high melting and and boiling pointsboiling points Most are Most are soluble in watersoluble in water Normally composed of at least Normally composed of at least one metal one metal

and one nonmetaland one nonmetal