Jan M. Rabaey University of California at Berkeley

ICON 2012 SINGAPORE DEC 13, 2012

SWARM VISIONS

Information Processing in the 1980s

Desktops Minicomputers Laptops Workstations

The UCB Infopad Project (1992-1996) [R. Brodersen, ISSCC keynote 1997]

1990 Question: “What would computers look like if wireless connectivity becomes ubiquitous?”

The Birth of the Tablet/SmartPhone

Towards Human-Centric Devices Desktops Laptops Handhelds

2010 – The tablet as the gateway to the cloud

  By end of 2012, mobile connected-components will exceed earth population

  Tablets to exceed 10% of global mobile data traffic in 2016

Infrastructural core

The IT Platform of Today: Mobiles at the Edge of the Cloud

[J. Rabaey, ASPDAC’08]

Another 90’s Question: “What happens if sensors become tiny, wireless, and self-contained?”

[Courtesy: K. Pister, UC Berkeley]

Wireless Sensor Networks

Linking the Cyber and Physical/Biological Worlds

CyberPhysical Systems [Gil08] CyberBiological Systems [Rab11]

A Promise Unfulfilled (So Far)….

(Source: On World)   Cost savings not yet disruptive   Reliability   Energy (battery life)   Ease of use

More later

Fast Forward Again - Vision 2025 -  Integrated components will be approaching

molecular limits and/or may cover complete walls -  Every object will have a wireless connection,

hence leading to trillions of connected devices, -  Opportunistically collaborating to present unique

experiences or to fulfill common goals

What will it Enable? The Birth of the Swarm

Infrastructural core

The Swarm at The Edge of the Cloud

[J. Rabaey, ASPDAC’08]

TRILLIONS OF CONNECTED DEVICES

The Missing Link

Home security/emergency

Unpad Energy-efficient home

Health monitoring

Apps

Resources Sensors/ Input devs

Actuators/ Output devs

Networks

Storage

Computing

SWARM-OS

A mediation layer – similar to Unix and Android

An open platform accessible to everyone!

Unleashing Creativity

Example: Free heartrate monitor on iPhone and Android devices

Enabler: Sensor platform with open interfaces

2010 Question: “How to interact with information in a world where enriched senses and interfaces are omnipresent?”

Mobiles to disappear or unravel! The unPad* Blurring the boundaries between the physical and the cyber world

* Term coined by BWRC Directors [2010]

  “Pad” goes away, but functionality (plus more) stays: enriched and unpackaged I/O, communication, computation, storage.

  People seamlessly interact with content, environment and one another through of collection of interconnected sensors and actuators.   Sensors and actuators

opportunistically cluster as needed for a particular functionality.

[Courtesy: J. Wawrzynek, BWRC]

Towards (Human-)Aware Devices Desktops Laptops Handhelds unPads

unPads Coming to Life …

Google Glasses

Corning A Day made of glass

Ghent LCD contact lens

From Interaction to Action Swarms

[M. Maharbiz, UCB]

[V. Kumar, U.Penn]

[C. Tomlin, UCB]

The Swarm … What it Takes?

  Providing ubiquitous wireless connectivity at last

  Managing the swarm and its resources

  Maximizing experience, reliability, safety and security

A Hard and Complex Problem! Distributed, many, heterogeneous, dynamic

Adopt a “Swarm Perspective”

The function is in the swarm, not in the individual components Use components opportunistically based on availability Exploit the “power of numbers”

A Swarm Perspective: “Dennard* Scaling” Applied to Wireless Connectivity

Wireless connectivity strategies that scale (capacity, energy, reliability) with increasing numbers! Directly contradicts todays model!

“peer-to-peer”

“mesh”

“relay”

Make cells smaller!   Exploit locality/proximity   Exploit density   Collaborate!

*[Robert Dennard, IBM, 1974]

Get Better with Large Numbers

Million-fold capacity increase since 1957 25x from wider spectrum, 5x by dividing spectrum into

smaller slices, 5x by designing better

modulation schemes, 1600x from reduced cell sizes

and transmit distance.

Wireless Capacity Doubled Every 30 Months Since 1900 *

Message: The Swarm offers an unique opportunity

[M. Cooper, www.arraycom.com]

Biggest gain in next decade to come from smaller cells!

Exploiting Locality/Proximity

The peer-to-peer opportunity

Radio TX (nJ/bit) RX (nJ/bit)ZigbeeBT LE

BAN60 GHz

Wireless peer-to-peer

[L. Vandeperre, B. Gyselinckx, IMEC-2011]

Internet energy/bit

[R. Tucker, 2009]

Exploiting Locality/Proximity The peer-to-peer challenge How to know if two nodes are even interested in talking?

Where are my keys?

I know the temperature

How’s the weather?

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport (TCP)

Network (IP)

Data link (MAC)

Physical (PhY)

Current approach:   Establish connection   Register device   Application detects

device   Application queries

Latency Energy Capacity Overhead

Exploiting Locality/Proximity The peer-to-peer challenge How to know if two nodes are even interested in talking?

Based on WiFi Direct

Dedicated “stovepipe” solutions

How’s the weather?

I know the temperature

Apple OS X Lion

Exploiting Locality/Proximity The peer-to-peer challenge How to know if two nodes are even interested in talking?

Alternative approach:   Cut through the layers!

How’s the weather?

I know the temperature

Example: Qualcomm FlashlinQ P2P protocol Physical layer beaconing enables proximity and interest detection

Exploiting Density

The power of collaboration

Node density n

Effc

ienc

y

O(1)

O(1)

Energy Spectral

no-collaboration

Node density n E

ffcie

ncy

O(n1/2)

O(n(d-1)/2)

multi-hop [Gupta-Kumar00]

Example: mesh network

Node density n

Effi

cien

cy

O(n)

O(n)

distributed MIMO [Tse07]

Example: relay network

A Swarm Perspective: Enabling collaboration and sharing

Borrowing from economic principles

CAgent

Executive

Discovery

Optimizer

Repository

Access

Policies

Learning from heterogeneous wireless systems

*[J. Rabaey, WoWMoM 2007]

A Swarm Perspective: Re-engineering the OS Learning from MultiCore SOCs: Tesselation*

*[Courtesy: John Kubiatowitz, UCB, and the UC Berkeley Parlab]

  Resources as primary citizens   Guarantees negotiated hierarchically.   Continuous discovery and optimization.   The “Cell” as the Basic Unit of

Resource and Security   Guarantees resource availability.   All resources authenticated.

  Cells communicate over secure channels

Adaptation

Execution

Modeling Evaluation Adaptation

Execution

Modeling Evaluation Adaptation

Execution

Modeling Evaluation Adaptation

Execution

Modeling Evaluation Adaptation

Execution

Modeling Evaluation

Resource Discovery, Access Control, Advertisement

The Swarm-OS: A New Look at Operating Systems

[Courtesy: John Kubiatowicz, UCB]

Application1

QoS-aware Scheduler

Sensor Service

QoS-aware Scheduler

Network Service

QoS-aware Scheduler

Display Service

Channel

Running System (Data Plane)

Application2

Channel

Performance Reports

Contracts

Resource Allocation (Control Plane)

Brokerage Discovery

and Modeling Policies

Cell

THE CLOUD

What Makes the Swarm Vision Unique?

*[F. Bonomi, Cisco, “Cloud and Fog Computing”– EON June 11]

THE FOG*

  Open shared platform avoids stovepiping of “sensor nets” THE SWARM

  Opportunistic acquisition of just enough resources avoids overhead

of “internet of things”

  The Cloud and the Fog as companions

Enabling the Swarm: The Ubiquitous SwarmLab at Berkeley*

Inaugurated December 2011 – Seeded by Qualcomm donation

*Funded by consortium of companies (Qualcomm, Ericsson, Samsung, NEC, Toshiba) Now also part of 5-year multi-university Research Center (“TerraSwarm”), funded by FCRP

SwarmLab Agenda

Interaction Swarms

Action Swarms

Platforms

Services Operating Systems

Cyber-Human interfaces Cyber-Physical interfaces

The Broader Agenda*

*Focus of the FCRP TerraSwarm Multi-University Center

[Courtesy: E. Lee]

Some Highlights

Floating swarms for water estuary management, A. Bayen

Some Highlights Building Swarm Devices Course Fall 2012: Interactive Device Design (B. Hartmann, P. Wright)

This course teaches concepts and skills required to design, prototype, and fabricate interactive devices -- that is, physical objects that intelligently respond to user input and enable new types of interactions.

Concluding Reflections

  Over the past two decades, wireless technology has fundamentally transformed the ways we work, communicate and live.

  The revolution is still on – the next few decades will be just as exciting and transforming.

  No single technology is solely responsible for any these transformations – integration of multiple ideas is key!

  Cross-disciplinary thinking is becoming ever more important – in lieu of renaissance man, collaboration is a must.

Thank you! The contributions and collaborations of the following colleagues are gracefully acknowledged: A. Wolisz, K. Pister, R. Brodersen, E. Alon, G. Kelson, A. Niknejad, B. Nikolic, J. Wawrzynek, E. Lee, J. Kubiatowicz, C. Tomlin, B. Boser, B. Hartmann, P. Wright, D. Tse, M. Maharbiz, J. Carmena, R. Knight, L. Van de Perre, and B. Gyselinckx, R. Muller, M. Mark, D. Chen, A. Parsha, S. Gambini, and all my current and past graduate students. Contributions by the SwarmLab, BWRC, and the FCRP consortia are truly appreciated. Many thanks to V. Vinge, N. Stephenson, I. Asimov, and C. Stross for providing the true visions!

friend