Post on 13-Jan-2016
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The The Kingdom of Kingdom of
Italy was Italy was ruled by ruled by
Napoleon, Napoleon, Naples by Naples by
his his brother-in-brother-in-
law and law and Rome by Rome by the Popethe Pope
The Congress of Vienna restored
the states
and old monarchi
es in 1815
Nationalism began to rise Nationalism began to rise with groups like the with groups like the
secretsecret Carbonari Carbonari
Three Three ideas for ideas for
unificationunification emerged:emerged: Republic, Republic,
Monarchy, Monarchy, The PopeThe Pope
Giuseppe Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini formed formed
the Young the Young Italy Italy
movement movement in 1831 to in 1831 to drive out drive out foreign foreign rule and rule and create a create a Republic Republic of Italyof Italy
King Victor Emmanuel I
The Kingdom of Sardinia became
the hope of monarchists
The ‘Neo-Guelphs’ favored unification under
the Pope
Vincenzo GiobertiVincenzo Gioberti Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX
1848: Italian Nationalists rose in revolt against state governments
Mazzini and Garibaldi Mazzini and Garibaldi declared the Republic of declared the Republic of
Italy in Rome, 1848Italy in Rome, 1848
The The RevolutioRevolutio
ns of ns of 1848-49 1848-49 failed: failed:
The The French French
restored restored Pope Pius Pope Pius
IX; IX; Austria Austria
regained regained Lombardy Lombardy
and and VenetiaVenetia
Count Count Camilo di Camilo di Cavour, Cavour, Prime Prime
Minister of Minister of Sardinia, Sardinia,
became the became the leader of leader of
the the pragmatic pragmatic movement movement
to unite to unite ItalyItaly
Cavour’s goal: Unite Italy under the Constitutional Monarchy of
Sardinia
CavourCavour and Sardinia allied with and Sardinia allied with Napoleon IIINapoleon III and France to drive and France to drive
Austria out of ItalyAustria out of Italy
1859: 1859: France France
and and SardiniSardinia drove a drove Austria Austria out of out of
LombarLombardydy
Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned King
of Italy, March 1861
Garibaldi and his Red Garibaldi and his Red Shirts conquered Sicily Shirts conquered Sicily
and Naplesand Naples
Garibaldi Garibaldi met met
Victor Victor EmmanuEmmanu
el II; el II; Naples Naples
was was annexed annexed to Italyto Italy
British cartoon
showing the roles of
Garibaldi and King
Victor Emmanuel II
in uniting Italy
Right foot in the boot this time.
After the
Seven Weeks’
War, 1866, Italy
gained Venetia as the ally of
victorious
Prussia
The French army remained in Italy until France
declared war on Prussia, July 1870
When the French
withdrew, the Papal
States were annexed to
the Kingdom of
Italy, September
1870
Pope Pius IX refused
to recognize
the annexation of the Papal
States. He considered himself to be the ‘Prisoner
of the Vatican’. “I must surrender the sword,
my son, but I keep the keys!”
Italy and the Vatican settled their differences in the Lateran Pact of 1929..
Cavour: “The Head”
Garibaldi: “The Sword”
Mazzini:“The Soul”
Victor Emmanuel II:
“The Sovereign”
Summary of Italian UnificationSummary of Italian Unification• Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic
Wars• Congress of Vienna re-established separate
states; Austria became the dominant power• Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead
Italian unification• Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of
Italian Nationalism• Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated
creator of the force that created Italy• Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of
realpolitik who made the practical moves necessary for unification; Constitutional monarchy was the compromise
• Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830, 1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created the nation
• Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church reconciled
The Italian peninsula in 1859
Italy in 1870