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Protocols to measure GHG in Agriculture
Inventory and practical use
J. MosqueraIII Workshop de la Red Remedia, 10-11 Abril 2014
Standard method?
GHG emissions (per component, 2011)
86.2%
CO2CH4N2OOther81.1%
9.5%
6.8% 2.6%ES (2011)
CO2CH4N2OOther86.2%
7.8%
4.7% 1.3%NL (2011)
GHG emissions (per source, 2011)
ES (2011)
78%
11%8%
4%
NL (2011)
84%
8%5%
2%
CH4 and N2O sources
Enteric fermentation (CH4)●Dairy cattle●Swine, sheep, goat and horses●Poultry
Manure management●Slurry (CH4, little/no N2O)●Straw/deep litter (CH4 and N2O)
Agricultural soils●N2O●Little/no CH4
CH4 and N2O emissions (ES, 2011)
CH4 and N2O emissions (NL, 2011)
Manure management chain
Outside storage
NH3, OdourCH4, N2O
Manure application
NH3
OdourN2O
Manure treatment
NH3, OdourCH4, N2O
Grazing
NH3
CH4
N2O
NH3, OdourCH4, N2O
Housing
Housing
Storage
1. Fresh manure2. Between product3. Final product
Treatment
Applicationsurface spreading trailing shoetrailing hoseshallow injection
surface spreadingincorporation as
sequential operation
injectionshallow injection
Research question National inventories Emission factors Understanding emission processes Effect of new technologies and mitigation options
Calculated emissions●Activity data●Emission factors
Direct measurements
Measurement protocol Measurement strategy
●Type of source●Animal vs. manure●Manure management chain
●Management
Measurement method●Research question●Source characteristics●Resources
Housing
Single-farm protocol
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NH 3
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g m
-3]
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3 uur
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Forced ventilation● Concentration
o NOx monitoro Photoacoustic
● Ventilation rateo Fan wheel anemometer
Natural ventilation● Tracer gas ratio method
Single-farm protocol
+ Benefits●Accurate at the farm level●Emission process●Management vs. emissions●Daily and seasonal patterns
- Drawbacks●Costs (equipment, labour, maintenance)●Not accurate at the system level
Sources of variance (NH3)
Fattening pigs Sows
Between farms (sb) 44 % 32%
Within a farm (sw) 45% 23%
Statistical analysis: REML method
Yij = C + S +s2b + s2
w
Number of farm locations
=2totals
mlkequipment
××
2s
Monitor
+×lkwithin2s
+kbetween2s
Ogink and Klarenbeek (1997)
Distribution of measurements (cycle)
y = 31.2 + 1.2 xR2 = 0.96
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50%
100%
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% a
vera
ge e
mis
sion
Day in production cycle
NH3
y = 32.0 + 1.2 xR2 = 0.97
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50%
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vera
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Day in production cycle
CH4
Measurement period (I)
Measurement period (II)
Multi-farm measurement protocol
Measurements at 4 farm locations
Continuous measurements not necessary
6 measurement days per farm
Measurement period at least 24 h
Equipment: random errors allowed
Growing pattern at random, equally distributed
Year round measurements
Example: broilers
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Ani
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ght (
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Day in the year
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4
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Ani
mal
wei
ght (
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Day in production cycle
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4
Case-control approach
Two compartments: case (treatment), control (no treatment)
Same farm location
Same management (Temp., Vent., age, feeding)
+ Management effects reduced
+ Easy applicable in pig and poultry systems
- Difficult to apply for dairy cattle systems
http://www.veracert.eu/en/technology-manufacturers/test-protocols/
Measurement methodsVentilation rate Concentrations
Real-time measurements
Storage
GHG emissions from storage Emission sources
●Slurry (CH4, little/no N2O)●Straw /deep litter (CH4 and N2O)
No specific measurement protocol
Emission measurements●Chamber measurements (static and flow-through)●Micrometeorological methods●Tracer gas approach
Chamber measurements
Integrated horizontal flux approach
Gradient methodOpen-path TDL laser (two heights) Sampling line (two heights)
Tracer gas approach
Application
Chamber measurements
http://www.globalresearchalliance.org/app/uploads/2013/05/Chamber_Methodology_Guidelines_Final-2013.pdf
Minimum requirements●Chamber design●Deployment protocol●Sample collection, storage
and analysis●Automated chambers●Data analysis
Protocol●Spatial variability●Temporal variability
Measurement methods (review)
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408347.2013.843055
Take home message
Measurement protocol●Research question●Source characteristics●Resources
Integral approach●Multi-component●Multi-stage
Protocols are continuously evolving Improvisation
Questions?
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