Japan

The Growth of Japanese Civilization

• Japan’s Location• Japan lies east of China; name means “land of

the rising sun”• Closest neighbor is 120 miles over water,

Korea• 500 miles of water separate it from China• Geography of Japan

Consists of about 3,000 islands in a 12,000-mile archipelago

• Varied climate, but little land for farming

Shinto

• Many different clans worshipped own gods

• This early religion later called Shinto– “the way of the gods”

• Shinto worshipers respect forces of nature, ancestors, and kami

• Kami—divine spirits dwelling in nature: tree, rock, waterfall

Yamato

• Their clan will grow in power and eventually take over the islands– Will be noted for Kofun or mound tombs

• They develop the earliest Japanese State – The Yamato

• The Paekche (Chinese) will want an alliance and for this they provide some new imports including, writing, Confucianism, and Buddhism

Yamato Period: 300-Yamato Period: 300-710710

Yamato Period: 300-Yamato Period: 300-710710

“Great Kings” era“Great Kings” era

Began promoting the Began promoting the adoption of Chinese adoption of Chinese cultureculture Confucianism.Confucianism. Language (Language (kanjikanji characters).characters). Buddhist sects.Buddhist sects. Chinese art & architecture.Chinese art & architecture. Government structure.Government structure.

Began promoting the Began promoting the adoption of Chinese adoption of Chinese cultureculture Confucianism.Confucianism. Language (Language (kanjikanji characters).characters). Buddhist sects.Buddhist sects. Chinese art & architecture.Chinese art & architecture. Government structure.Government structure.

Japanese CultureBuddhism in Japan• Japanese learn Chinese ideas, customs from

contact with Korea• Buddhism spreads widely in Japan, mixes with

Shinto practicesCultural Borrowing from China• Chinese ideas, practices gain wide currency in

Japan as result• Japanese adopt Chinese writing, art, and ways of

everyday living• Japan does not copy China’s civil-service system

Heian Period: 794-Heian Period: 794-11561156

Heian Period: 794-Heian Period: 794-11561156CharacteristicsCharacteristics::

Growth of large estatesGrowth of large estates Arts & literature of China Arts & literature of China flourished. flourished. Elaborate court life highly refinedElaborate court life highly refined

ETIQUETTE – Codes of BehaviorETIQUETTE – Codes of Behavior Personal diaries Personal diaries

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon by Sei Shonagon 10c10c

Great novelGreat novel The Tale of GenjiThe Tale of Genji by by Lady Lady MurasakiMurasaki Shikibu Shikibu 1000 pgs.1000 pgs.

Moving away from Chinese models inMoving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. religion, the arts, and government.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics:: Growth of large estatesGrowth of large estates Arts & literature of China Arts & literature of China flourished. flourished. Elaborate court life highly refinedElaborate court life highly refined

ETIQUETTE – Codes of BehaviorETIQUETTE – Codes of Behavior Personal diaries Personal diaries

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon by Sei Shonagon 10c10c

Great novelGreat novel The Tale of GenjiThe Tale of Genji by by Lady Lady MurasakiMurasaki Shikibu Shikibu 1000 pgs.1000 pgs.

Moving away from Chinese models inMoving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. religion, the arts, and government.

Heian Period:Heian Period:Cultural BorrowingCultural Borrowing

Heian Period:Heian Period:Cultural BorrowingCultural Borrowing

1.1.Chinese writing.Chinese writing.

2.2.Chinese artistic styles.Chinese artistic styles.

3.3.Buddhism in the form Buddhism in the form of of ZEN.ZEN.

4.4.BUT, not the Chinese BUT, not the Chinese civil civil service system! service system!

1.1.Chinese writing.Chinese writing.

2.2.Chinese artistic styles.Chinese artistic styles.

3.3.Buddhism in the form Buddhism in the form of of ZEN.ZEN.

4.4.BUT, not the Chinese BUT, not the Chinese civil civil service system! service system!

Zen BuddhismZen BuddhismA Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China.

It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline.

Heian Court DressHeian Court DressHeian Court DressHeian Court Dress

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji ( (first novel)first novel)Tale of GenjiTale of Genji ( (first novel)first novel)

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji Scroll Scroll(first novel)(first novel)

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji Scroll Scroll(first novel)(first novel)

Lady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki Shikibu

She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji.

She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji.

Minamoto YoritomoMinamoto YoritomoMinamoto YoritomoMinamoto Yoritomo

Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333

FeudaFeudal l

SocietSocietyy

FeudaFeudal l

SocietSocietyy

The emperor The emperor reigned, but reigned, but

did not always did not always rule!rule!

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Japan:Japan:

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Japan:Japan:

Shogun

Daimyo Daimyo

Samurai Samurai Samurai

Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant

Land - Shoen

Land - Shoen

Protection

Loyalty

Loyalty

Food

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Europe:

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Europe:

King

Lord Lord

Knight Knight Knight

Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant

Land - Fief

Land - Fief

Protection

Loyalty

Loyalty

Food

Code of Code of BushidoBushidoCode of Code of BushidoBushido

*Fidelity

* Politeness

* Virility

* Simplicity

*Fidelity

* Politeness

* Virility

* Simplicity

Full Samurai AttireFull Samurai AttireFull Samurai AttireFull Samurai Attire

Samurai SwordSamurai SwordSamurai SwordSamurai Sword

Underpinnings: Basic Steps in Self Defense

Underpinnings: Basic Steps in Self Defense

A COTTON BREECH A COTTON BREECH CLOUTCLOUT that extended up over the chest was the basic undergarment of a samurai’s costume

A SHORT SLEEVED A SHORT SLEEVED KIMONOKIMONO, or “armor robe,” was tied snugly at the waist with a special knot (lower right)

BILLOWING BILLOWING PANTALOONPANTALOONS,S,worn over the armor robe, fitted loosely in the legs to allow freedom of movementSTURDY STURDY SHINGUARDSHINGUARDSS of cloth or leather were reinforced with strips of iron to give protection from the front

AN EXQUISITE AN EXQUISITE BROCADEBROCADE, richly worked with a design of peonies, was one of the extravagant materials used in an armor robe that may have been made for a 14th Century imperial prince

Modern-Day Modern-Day ““Samurai Samurai WarriorsWarriors””

Modern-Day Modern-Day ““Samurai Samurai WarriorsWarriors””

Code of Code of ChivalryChivalryCode of Code of ChivalryChivalry

*Justice

* Loyalty

* Defense

* Courage

* Faith

* Humility

* Nobility

*Justice

* Loyalty

* Defense

* Courage

* Faith

* Humility

* Nobility

European knightEuropean knight Samurai WarriorSamurai Warrior

vs.vs.

Medieval WarriorsMedieval Warriors

Knight’s ArmorKnight’s Armor Samurai ArmorSamurai Armor

vs.vs.

Medieval WarriorsMedieval Warriors

Early Mounted Early Mounted Samurai WarriorsSamurai WarriorsEarly Mounted Early Mounted

Samurai WarriorsSamurai Warriors

Samurai ChargingSamurai ChargingSamurai ChargingSamurai Charging

Seppuku: Seppuku: Ritual SuicideRitual SuicideSeppuku: Seppuku:

Ritual SuicideRitual Suicide

Kaishaku – his “seconds”

Kaishaku – his “seconds”

It is honorable to die in this way.

It is honorable to die in this way.

Mongol“Invasio

ns”of Japan

Mongol“Invasio

ns”of Japan

4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze kamikaze winds stopped

them.

4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze kamikaze winds stopped

them.

Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573

Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573

►Shoguns fought for power.

a Laws are unclear.

a Less efficient than the Kamakura.

a Armies of samurai protected the country.

C

A

S

T

L

E

S

C

A

S

T

L

E

S

Osaka CastleOsaka Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Warwick Castle, EnglandWarwick Castle, England

R

O

E

N

S

R

O

E

N

S

The Age of the Warring States:

(1467 - 1568)

The Age of the Warring States:

(1467 - 1568)Castles built on hills in different provinces.

Power shifts from above to below.

Europeans arrive in Japan bringing firearms & Christianity.

Christianity & foreign trade flourish.

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.

Unifies a large part of Japan.

Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.

Unifies a large part of Japan.

Catholic Jesuits in Catholic Jesuits in JapanJapan

Catholic Jesuits in Catholic Jesuits in JapanJapan

St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionaries in [First Catholic Missionaries in

Asia]Asia]

St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionaries in [First Catholic Missionaries in

Asia]Asia]

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions.

Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan.

Tries to invade

Korea, but fails.

First Christian Martyrs First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in (1597): Shrine in

NagasakiNagasakiTodayToday

First Christian Martyrs First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in (1597): Shrine in

NagasakiNagasakiTodayToday

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-(1543-1616)1616)

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-(1543-1616)1616)Appointed Appointed

shogun by shogun by the Emperor. the Emperor.

Four-class Four-class system system laid down with laid down with marriage marriage restrictedrestricted to members of to members of thethe same class! same class!

§ Warriors.Warriors.

§ Farmers.Farmers.

§ Artisans.Artisans.

§ Merchants.Merchants.

Tokugawa Shogunate Period

Tokugawa Shogunate PeriodJapan closed off to all trade

[except to the Dutch and Chinese]. § The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor.

Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun. Domestic trade flourishes. Towns, esp. castle towns, increase. Merchant class becomes rich! New art forms haiku poetry, kabuki theater.