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The Japanese Stage-Step CourseWriting Practice Book
The Writing Practice Book provides a step-by-step guide to writing kana and kanji. It is designed to give max-imum flexibility to users of the Japanese Stage-Step Course and enables students to learn, practice and perfecttheir writing skills at their own pace.
The book is divided into two parts; the first focuses on kana and the second on kanji. There are clear instruc-tions on stroke order followed by tracing exercises and plenty of boxes are provided for additional practice.Kanji are gradually introduced in sets and are accompanied by the Japanese readings, examples of usage andradicals.
The Japanese Stage-Step Course also includes the Grammar Textbook, Workbooks 1 and 2, audio material onCDs or in MP3 format and a companion website (www.routledge.com/textbooks/japanese-stage-step-course).
Wako Tawa is professor and director of the Japanese Language Program in the Department of AsianLanguages and Civilizations at Amherst College, Massachusetts.
The Japanese Stage-Step Course is a fully integrated language course from beginner through to intermediatelevel, combining cohesive grammar instruction with functional examples and practice to build a solid foun-dation in the four key skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The course materials consist of:
Grammar TextbookWorkbook 1Workbook 2Writing Practice BookCD 1CD 2
For more information about The Japanese Stage-Step Course and additional resources, please visit the com-panion website at www.routledge.com/textbooks/japanese-stage-step-course.
The Japanese Stage-Step CourseWriting Practice Book
Wako Tawa
First published 2009by Routledge270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Simultaneously published in the UKby Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2009 Wako Tawa
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form orby any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho-tocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission inwriting from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataTawa, Wako.
The Japanese stage-step course / Wako Tawa.p. cm.
Includes index.Set consists of “Grammar textbook” “Workbooks 1-2” “Writing practice book” and “CD 1-2.”
1. Japanese language—Textbooks for foreign speakers—English. 2. Japanese language—Grammar—Textbooks. I. Title.
PL539.5.E5T3929 2009495.6'82421–dc22
2008033909
ISBN13: 978-0-415-77605-9 (grammar textbook)ISBN13: 978-0-203-88285-6 (grammar ebook)ISBN13: 978-0-415-77606-6 (workbook 1)ISBN13: 978-0-415-77611-0 (workbook 2)ISBN13: 978-0-203-88233-7 (writing practice book)ISBN13: 978-0-415-77603-5 (CD 1)ISBN13: 978-0-415-77787-2 (CD 2)
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’scollection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
ISBN 0-203-88233-4 Master e-book ISBN
Preface
This Writing Practice Book contains information on hiragana, katakana, and kanji as part of theJapanese Stage-Step Course. It supports the study of Japanese organized in Workbook 1 andWorkbook 2 with background provided in the Grammar Textbook, and presents lessons forpracticing the elements of the Japanese writing system in several steps, beginning with kana,proceeding to kanji, and giving space for practice and sample sentences using the characterstaught.
About hiragana and katakanaI discuss kanji in detail below, but will first say a few words about kana. This book is designed toteach the writing of hiragana, but with katakana the emphasis is on reading. Students should learnthe words in katakana as they appear in the new vocabulary. While they should certainly learn howto write personally relevant words in katakana (such as their name, country, etc.), being able toread katakana has much wider practical use.
About reading and writing kanjiLearning to read and write kanji (logographs) is a challenge to learners of Japanese unless they arefrom countries where such characters are already used. For the majority of students who have notstudied kanji before, however, unfortunately there is really no shortcut. It takes years for theJapanese themselves to become proficient, so it must be assumed that adult learners of Japanesewill require even more time. This process needs to be carried out in an efficient way so that morekanji will be learned with a higher retention rate. For example, studying by rote without under -standing the system would be a waste of time and energy. It must also be understood that readingand writing kanji are two separate skills, both of which must be practiced in order to improve.
Gaining a facility in writing kanji takes much longer than learning to read them or recognize theirmeaning, and most people, Japanese included, are better at reading than at writing. It does notmake sense to slow down the learning process just because teachers believe that learners mustknow how to write everything they can read. In fact, it is more practical to emphasize learning toread and recognize kanji and to take plenty of time, moving at an individual pace in learning towrite them. (There is great variation from one person to another in learning to write kanji.)
From the very beginning, students should become accustomed to seeing sentences that are writtenin a mixture of kanji and kana rather than being shown sentences all in kana at first and then onlygradually introducing kanji.
As with every aspect of learning Japanese in this course, students can retain kanji better when theylearn them systematically. But again, learning the system in which kanji are organized is notenough to learn to write. Students who want to be able to write kanji have to write them over andover again until their hand memorizes the stroke order and movements. This repetition, togetherwith an understanding of the system of kanji, is the most efficient and reliable way of learning howto write.
When should students learn to write kanji? The Writing Practice Book has been designed to givemaximum flexibility to users of this course. Five hundred kanji are introduced, with the strokeorder provided for the first 200 kanji. Below I offer some suggestions for things such as the righttime to introduce kanji and how to learn stroke order.
When to teach kanjiWhile kanji recognition may be introduced almost from the beginning, writing instruction shouldonly begin after students have grown accustomed to how sentences are actually written with amixture of kanji and kana.
My experience is that teaching the system of kanji—and building in sufficient recognitionpractice—gives students a foundation that allows for a smooth transition to the introduction ofwriting. For instance, it is recommended that students learn to write hiragana while learning theexpressions introduced in the Preparatory Stage. The learning of katakana, which is mainly amatter of recognition except for a few things relevant to each learner, can then take place duringStages 1-1 and 1-2. Kanji recognition can begin in Stage 1-3. If instructors feel that their students areready, writing kanji can begin at the end of Stage 1-4 or Stage 1-5. The instructors at each schoolshould determine what makes the most sense for their students.
The order of kanji instructionFive hundred kanji are introduced in this book. Beyond the 500, students should learn kanji asencountered in the course of reading or using other materials. In the beginning, a set of 10 kanjiare introduced in each section. After the first five sections, this is increased to 15. There are 35 sec-tions in this book.
Students do not necessarily have to learn kanji in the order in which they are introduced in thisbook. The order of introduction does not matter very much, but two points should be kept in mind:
• Kanji should be learned with words students already know; learning kanji in isolation is noteffective.
• Bad habits are very difficult to correct later. Students should learn each kanji well and thoroughlybefore moving on.
Students should learn how each kanji is constructed and how it is used. In addition, they shouldknow when to use the on-reading and when to use the kun-reading. It really helps to take time atthe beginning to learn each kanji thoroughly. Retention is important, so while students shouldtake time to learn, they should also work regularly and steadily. Moreover, they should welcomecomments from their instructors on the writing order and shape of their kanji. Once students areused to these basics, and have gained some experience, they will find learning to write kanjiquicker and easier.
Kanji quizzesIt is best if instructors are able to make individual quizzes for individual students. If that is notpossible, giving frequent quizzes with a small number of kanji is better than fewer quizzes with alarger number. Also, it is always good to repeat some old kanji when giving quizzes on new ones.Testing kanji at least at word level, if not at sentence level, is more effective than testing them inisolation. Be sure to use words with which the students are familiar.
Stroke orderThere is a basic stroke order that all students must learn for kanji and kana. It is most importantthat students develop the right habits regarding writing order from the very beginning. Since stu-dents will be learning new ways of writing characters, it is best to learn them in the right way fromthe beginning. The basic stroke order for kanji (and kana) is somewhat different than foralphabetic letters, so students are likely to use an unnatural and unconventional order to writetheir kanji if they are not monitored carefully at the beginning. Both teachers and students shouldbe advised that it is virtually impossible to fix incorrect stroke order after it has become habitual.
You will notice that stroke order is no longer supplied after the 200th kanji. This is because inmost cases the stroke order for characters beyond this point may be deduced from the principles
vi Preface (Writing Practice Book)
learned for the first 100 or so kanji. There are certainly a few characters that may have an unex-pected writing order, but even native Japanese do not know or agree with each other about someof these more complicated cases. The most important thing for students is to learn the basic prin-ciples. Nevertheless, it is important not to be too strict or fussy about stroke order in all cases.Knowing and practicing the basics is far more important. When the stroke order of a part of a newkanji has already been shown, some of the numbers are omitted.
Information provided At the beginning of each section, a set of new kanji is provided in a chart that includes on and kunreadings, meanings, radicals, and examples. This information is not meant to be exhaustive;rather, only the more typical readings and meanings are given. In some cases, a single kanji mayhave five or more readings, and space does not allow for everything to be included. Also, studentsshould be aware that the radical for some kanji is not completely agreed upon by scholars andteachers. For the characters listed in the charts in this book, the radicals are generally those agreedupon, but for a few there are other possibilities.
Boxes provided for practiceFor each new kanji, blank space is provided in which relevant information can be noted andwriting can be practiced. In some cases, the number of boxes provided may be sufficient, but inother cases, it may not be. Be flexible in this regard as well. If more space is needed, use morepaper to practice on. The boxes are helpful in trying to write well-balanced characters, especiallythose with many strokes.
Use a pencil to practiceDo not use a pen to practice kanji. It is easy to make mistakes when trying to write new characters,and it is good to be able to erase unsatisfactory attempts. Kanji should never be written in a hurry;each stroke should be drawn with care. Neatness is very important, and good habits should bedeveloped from the very beginning.
Preface (Writing Practice Book) vii
Writing Kana
Writing Kana
Kanji (Chinese logographs) were borrowed from China sometime around the fifth century.Around the tenth century, the Japanese created the two sets of syllabic characters (kana), hiraganaand katakana, from kanji. Hiragana were derived by simplifying certain kanji and katakana fromcertain parts of kanji.
Hiragana (pronounced “ah”), which has several variations depending on font types and style ofhandwriting, is the simplification of the kanji .
The katakana (pronounced “ah”) are taken from the left vertical line and the upper left part ofthe kanji .
from the kanji or, in a different font, .
The kana were devised because kanji alone were not sufficient to express things such as verbendings and particles. Thus, in present-day Japanese, many nouns, the roots of most verbs andadjectives, and other elements of words, are written in kanji, while particles, the endings of verbsand adjectives, and some adverbs are written in hiragana. It may be kept in mind that whenever acertain kanji is not known, hiragana can always be substituted.
Katakana were originally developed in order to display the pronunciations of kanji in Chinese texts,mainly in the Buddhist scriptures, but in present-day Japanese, katakana is used for loan wordsfrom other languages, for emphasis, for onomatopoeic expressions, and some other cases.
Hiragana and katakana are introduced together in this book, as some resemble each other.Workbook 1 suggests that hiragana be introduced first for both reading and writing, and katakanafor recognition (students must learn to write individually relevant words at an early stage, howev-er) after learning hiragana.
It is important to note that there are handwriting as well as font variations for each letter. Sincethese variations are infinite in number, only some of the more common ones are shown in thistextbook.
4 Writing Kana (Writing Practice Book)
� 46 basic sounds
Hiragana (left) and Katakana (right)
a i u e o
a i u e o
k ka ki ku ke ko
s sa si(shi) su se so
t ta ti(chi) tu(tsu) te to
n na ni nu ne no
h ha hi hu he ho
m ma mi mu me mo
y ya yu yo
r ra ri ru re ro
w wa wo(o)
N
Kana are sometimes written or printed in different styles or fonts, as shown below. Some are closerto handwriting; others are standard styles used in newspapers, magazines, and other printedmatter. The font used in the above chart and in the examples in this textbook is also used in thetextbooks that Japanese students use in Japan, and is closer to handwriting.
s
The lessons for practice in writing kana (and, later, kanji) in the Writing Practice Book show modelcharacters with numbers indicating the order in which the strokes should be written. Stroke orderis not random and it is advisable to learn this correct stroke order, which makes it easier to shapecharacters skillfully. The sequence of strokes follow certain general principles:
Stroke Order
ki:
na:
ya:
sa:
hu:
ri:
so:
mo:
Writing Kana (Writing Practice Book) 5
� Horizontal lines
Horizontal lines are drawn from left to right.
__________
� Vertical and diagonal lines
Vertical and diagonal lines are written from top to bottom.
� Crossing lines
When a horizontal and a vertical line cross each other, the horizontal line is usually drawn first.2
1
� Left to right
When lines are not crossed, the left element should be written first. For all letters below, draw theleft part first and then the right.
� Top to bottom
When lines are not crossed, the top element should be written first. For all the letters below, drawthe top part first, and then go down one line at a time.
s
� Lines with angles
When a line has an angle, it should be written in one stroke.
� Upward drawing
Some characters have a slanted line that is drawn from bottom to top. The katakana and areexamples.
Other Writing Rules
______
_____
6 Writing Kana (Writing Practice Book)
� End of a stroke: trace of a stroke
Imagine you are using a brush to write kana and kanji. Moving the brush from one stroke to theother, your brush may leave a slight trace of its movement. See the end of the first stroke of thefollowing kana:
When you use a pen or pencil in writing, these traces may not show, or in some cases, the twostrokes may be connected by a trace. All are acceptable, as you can see variations of such tracesbelow:
� End of a stroke: complete stop (tome = )
The end of some horizontal and vertical strokes should be written by making a complete stop ofthe pen or pencil. These strokes should be drawn with a firm cessation of the pencil’s motion. Thismovement is called (tome), which literally means “stop.”
� End of a stroke: gradual ending (harai = )
Some strokes end with a tapering stroke called a (harai), letting the stroke trail off graduallyat the end.
� End of a stroke: upward flip (hane = )
The end of some strokes have upward flips, which should be distinguished from the tracesexplained above. While traces are optional, the (hane) motion, which means “flip upward,” isnot. For the third example, which is a kanji, see the vertical line in the lower left part of a characterends with a (hane) motion.
� Crossing vertical lines
When a horizontal line and a vertical line cross each other, it is important to learn when the verticalstroke goes through the horizontal line or simply touches it. For instance, see the following twokana:
In the first kana, , the last stroke, the vertical line with a curly ending, must start under, not overthe top horizontal line. The second kana, , has a vertical stroke that starts above the horizontalstroke. Compare the following kana:
The vertical line of the hiragana , starts above and passes through the top horizontal line, whilethat of the katakana starts under the top horizontal line.
The importance of how and where vertical strokes meet or intersect with horizontal strokes isnicely illustrated by the following kanji, all of which have different meanings
rice field say shell reason
Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book) 7
Vowels (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
3
1 2
1
2
1
2
1
23
8 Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book)
Vowels (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book) 9
o e u i a
o e u i a
10 Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book)
K-line (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
4
Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book) 11
K-line (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 j
3
3
12 Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book)
ko ke ku ki ka
ko ke ku ki ka
Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book) 13
S-line (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1 (2)
3
3
14 Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book)
S-line (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 2
3
3
Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book) 15
so se su si (shi) sa
so se su si (shi) sa
16 Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book)
s
Fill out the chart below with the correct hiragana:
(1) Vowels
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
ai aoi
au iie
ue oou
ui oie
ao aou
(2) K-line
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
kaki oku
kuki ika
koke okiku
aki ekaki
koi kuuki
(3) S-line
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
sake kasa
sushi kishi
seki sekai
soko asoko
sashi sukoshi
Writing Hiragana
Kana: vowels to s-line (Writing Practice Book) 17
Write the corresponding hiragana in the chart below:
(1) Vowels
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
(2) K-line
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
(3) S-line
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
Katakana Recognition
18 Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book)
T-line (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
1
12
3
4
Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book) 19
T-line (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1 2
1
2
1 2
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
20 Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book)
to te tu (tsu) ti (chi) ta
to te tu (tsu) ti (chi) ta
Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book) 21
N-line (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
12
12
1
2
1
3
3
4
22 Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book)
N-line (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
4
Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book) 23
no ne nu ni na
no ne nu ni na
24 Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book)
H-line (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
1
2
1
1 2
34
34
3
Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book) 25
H-line (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1 2
1
2
1
1
1
2
34
26 Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book)
ho he hu hi ha
ho he hu hi ha
Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book) 27
Fill out the chart below with the correct hiragana:
(1) T-line
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
tatsu taichi
tetsu sachiko
tochi tatsuo
toshi tesuto
tate otoko
(2) N-line
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
nani kinako
neko nishiki
nushi tanuki
tsuno kitsune
kachi nokosu
(3) H-line
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
hito hitotsu
hako hanako
hei huhei
hoka hoshii
huku hihuka
Writing Hiragana
28 Kana: t-line to h-line (Writing Practice Book)
Write the corresponding hiragana in the chart below:
(1) T-line
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
(2) N-line
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
(3) H-line
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
Katakana Recognition
Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book) 29
M-line (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
1
2
3
3
3
j
30 Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book)
M-line (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
23
3
Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book) 31
mo me mu mi ma
mo me mu mi ma
32 Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book)
Y-line (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
12
12
3
j
Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book) 33
Y-line (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
34 Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book)
yo yu ya
yo yu ya
Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book) 35
R-line (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
12
1
1
2
1
36 Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book)
R-line (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1 2
12
1
1
2
3 j
Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book) 37
ro re ru ri ra
ro re ru ri ra
38 Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book)
W-line and N (hiragana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
1
2
1
3
Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book) 39
W-line and N (katakana)
Stroke order Trace and practice
12
1
2
1
2
3
40 Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book)
N wo wa
N wo wa
Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book) 41
s
Fill out the chart below with the correct hiragana:
(1) M-line
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
koma musuko
kami michiko
mono matasu
tsume hitome
muchi omou
(2) Y-line
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
yume yasumi
yashi otsuyu
yoko yonaka
(3) R-line
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
tara karai
suru tsukuru
huro yameru
mure amari
tsuri korera
(4) W-line and N
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
wani warui
hoN wareru
hutoN reNshi
saNso keNsa
Writing Hiragana
42 Kana: m-line to N (Writing Practice Book)
s
Write the corresponding hiragana in the chart below:
(1) M-line
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
(2) Y-line
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
(3) R-line
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
(4) W-line and N
Katakana Hiragana Katakana Hiragana
Katakana Recognition
Kana: 46 basic sounds (Writing Practice Book) 43
s
Fill in the following chart with hiragana. Do as much as you can and go back to it as many timesas you want. Writing the katakana is optional at this stage, but you may want to try anyway, assome are quite similar to the hiragana.
Hiragana Katakana (optional)
a i u e o a i u e o
k
s
t
n
h
m
y
r
w(o) (N) (o) (N)
Hiragana and Katakana
44 Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book)
s
With these 46 syllables as the basics, other sounds are represented as follows. Adding doublemarks at the upper right-hand corner of a character for a voiceless sound changes the sound tovoiced. Adding a small circle at the upper right-hand corner creates an explosive, bilabial soundcreated by two lips.
Hiragana (left) and katakana (right)
a i u e o
k → g ga gi gu ge go
s → z za zi(ji) zu ze zo
t → d da di(ji) du(zu) de do
h → b ba bi bu be bo
h → p pa pi pu pe po
Voiced (and Voiceless) Variations
Stroke order Trace and practice
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
2
345
Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book) 45
go ge gu gi ga
go ge gu gi ga
46 Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book)
zo ze zu zi(ji) za
zo ze zu zi(ji) za
Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book) 47
do de du(zu) di(ji) da
do de du(zu) di(ji) da
48 Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book)
bo be bu bi ba
bo be bu bi ba
Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book) 49
po pe pu pi pa
po pe pu pi pa
j j
50 Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book)
s
Another kind of kana variation was developed to express the palatalized sounds of the Japaneselanguage, the consonants that are created close to the roof of the mouth. These consonants arecombined with three vowels, /a/, /u/, and /o/. Palatalized as well double consonants use smallerversions of the letters , , , and .
Hiragana (left) and katakana (right)
a u o
ky kya kyu kyo
gy gya gyu gyo
sy (sh) sya(sha) syu(shu) syo(sho)
zy (j) zya(ja) zyu(ju) zyo(jo)
ty (ch) tya(cha) tyu(chu) tyo(cho)
ny nya nyu nyo
hy hya hyu hyo
by bya byu byo
py pya pyu pyo
my mya myu myo
ry rya ryu ryo
The dy-line, which is included in the Grammar Textbook, is omitted from the above table becauseit is rarely used. It is the voiced version of ty-line.
Palatalized Variations
Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book) 51
s
Short vowel Hiragana Katakana Long vowel Hiragana Katakana
ka kaa
ki kii
ku kuu
ke kee
ko koo
The long “ee” and “oo,” as in combinations, and , occur in only a few words. They must belearned individually.
The bar used to indicate the long vowels in katakana must be written horizontally when you writesentences horizontally. When you write sentences vertically, however, the long vowel bars mustalso be vertical. These bars must be written in the center of space.
s
The following is the writing convention for double consonants:
Single Hiragana Katakana Double Hiragana Katakanaconsonant consonant
kaki kakki
moto motto
isho issho
masatsu massatsu
s
When writing the smaller versions of the letters , , , and for palatalized consonants, usethe space of one full letter. When writing horizontally, write them at half the size of a regular char-acter and line up the characters at the bottom. See the following:
When writing vertically, align the half-sized characters with the others on the right.
Long Vowels
Double Consonants
Writing of Small Letters
52 Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book)
kyoo kyuu kyo kyu kya
kyoo kyuu kyo kyu kya
Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book) 53
kuuki kooi koi kitte kite
kuuki kooi koi kitte kite
54 Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book)
s
Fill out the chart below with the correct hiragana:
Roomaji Hiragana Roomaji Hiragana
geNki gozaimasu
desu ichido
onegai gomeN
yamada-saN boku
okagesama de hajimemashite
hisashiburi koNbaN
doomo doozo
ohayoo arigatoo
sensee hoNtoo
shitsuree maa maa
iimasu soo desu nee
mooshimasu moo ichido
yukkuri tappuri
motto masshiro
soppo makka
kyaku shuuri
kyoku shori
kyuu happyaku
kyoori saNbyaku
shanai byooki
Writing Hiragana
Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book) 55
s
The following words in katakana derive from English. Guess the English words from the followingkatakana. It may not be easy to guess since the correspondence between the English sounds andthe Japanese syllables has not been discussed, but it may be fun to try.
(1) The English /th/ sound is often represented as (su) in katakana.
Smith
(2) When there are strings of consonants without vowels between them in English, the Japaneseinsert a vowel between two consonants. Unfortunately, knowing which vowel to insert is notvery predictable.
strike (for “strike,” as in a baseball game)strike (for “strike,” meaning a demonstration)
Katakana Recognition
(1) Personal names
(2) Place names
(3) Food and drink words
56 Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book)
s
There are a number of ways katakana can be combined to represent certain foreign sounds that donot occur in the Japanese language. Here are some ways to represent these sounds.
Katakana sound example English
wi whiskey
we Wayne
wo walkman
va violin
vi Venus
ve veil
vo vogue
she shell
je jet
che Chen
tsa pizza
ti party
di Dean
fa fan
fi film
fe felt
fo formal
s
Guess the English words:
Katakana English Katakana English
Some Unique Katakana Combinations
Katakana Recognition
Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book) 57
s
Although writing katakana is not very important at this point, it is a good idea for each student tolearn to write katakana for the following. Some may not be so relevant to all students. Learn onlythe ones relevant to you. In the following, you can find some personal as well as place names forreference, although these lists are not complete. You may have to ask your instructor how to writesome of the names that you will need.
Items Write in katakana
Your family name
Your given name
Name of your school
Name of your home town
Your country
Other relevant names
s
� Family names
Katakana English Katakana English
Smith Johnson
Jones William
Kim Chang, Chan
Lee Brown
Chen Forest
King Clark
Morrison Roberts
Robinson Young
Carter Peterson
� Given names
Katakana English Katakana English
Mary Nancy
Writing Katakana
Reference
Carol Bob
John Joe
Bill Peter
Tom Mike
David Jacob
Jane Janet
Teresa Kelly
� Names of countries and continents
Katakana English Katakana English
America Africa
Asia Europe
Australia New Zealand
Mexico Canada
Brazil Chile
Columbia Russia
Greece Turkey
India Thailand
Vietnam Singapore
Cambodia Israel
Jordan France
Germany Italy
England Iceland
Ireland Denmark
Sweden Norway
Spain Portugal
Switzerland Holland
Kenya Egypt
58 Kana: variations (Writing Practice Book)
Writing Kanji
Writing Kanji
There are many excellent books that explain the history of kanji and their use in present-day Japan.Only the most relevant information will be given here, and students should therefore seek othersources to further their knowledge.1
It is reported that close to 50,000 (and possibly more) kanji have been recorded and used at sometime in the course of history, but only 6,000–7,000 are now used in written Japanese. Of these,1,945 (this number will be increased to more than 2,000 by the fall of 2010) have been determinedby the government to be in common use; these are called jooyoo kanji.
� Bushu ( )
Although there will soon be more than 2,000 basic kanji that the student must learn in order to beliterate in Japanese, not every one of these is an isolated entity. Most kanji are combinations ofsome 200 basic elements, which are called “radicals” ( , pronounced ). Not all kanji arederived from pictures, as some might think. Most represent meanings, although a few are usedonly for phonetic purposes. How each meaning in each character originated is an interesting topicof inquiry, but there is no space to discuss that aspect of kanji fully in this book. Radicals oftenindicate categories of meaning, however, and it is very helpful to learn which part of a kanji is theradical. Radicals are the repeated and productive parts of kanji. For instance, the simple kanji ,meaning “tree,” was derived from a picture of a tree. This kanji can be used alone to mean “tree,”but it is also used as the radical of numerous kanji, as in (cherry tree), (plant), (plum tree),and so forth. The parts adjacent to the radical may provide sounds or other meanings. Again, akanji can itself also function as a radical, as is the case with the kanji “tree.”
There is only one radical per kanji. The following are the seven possible locations of radicals:(1) left side, called hen ( of , )(2) right side, called tsukuri ( of , )(3) top, called kanmuri ( of , )(4) bottom, called ashi ( of , )(5) enclosure, called kamae ( of , ), ( of , )(6) left-bottom, called nyoo ( of , )(7) top-left, called tare ( of , )
Not all bushu are easy to identify, and not all are treated in the same way in all dictionaries.Nevertheless, most of them are conventional and not too difficult to identify.
� On-yomi ( ) and Kun-yomi ( )
There is usually more than one pronunciation per kanji. Most characters are pronounced in at leasttwo ways, and some in many more ways. This is because their pronunciations are derived from twodifferent sources: native Japanese and Chinese. Native Japanese words that were matched up withthe meanings of characters introduced from China led to kanji pronunciations of words that wereoriginally Japanese. For instance, the verb that means “rest” in Japanese is yasumu. This verb wasmatched with a kanji that means “rest”—that is, . When the Japanese write this verb, they write
, and the kanji component is pronounced yasu, while the verb ending mu, is expressed in hira-gana. When hiragana are used in this way to complete a word, they are called okurigana ( ).This type of reading, that is, the pronunciation of a kanji in the Japanese way, is called kun-yomi,or kun-reading.
1 Some of the information presented here is obtained from Kanji and Kana: A Handbook of the Japanese Writing System byWolfgang Hadamitzky and Mark Spahn (Tuttle Publishing, 1981).
62 Writing Kanji (Writing Practice Book)
When kanji came to Japan, the original sounds from Chinese came along with them. TheseChinese sounds are modified in Japanese ways, that is, the tonal distinctions were dropped (tonesare a very important part of the meaning of words in Chinese), and Japanese consonants and vow-els were added. For instance, the kanji is also pronounced kyuu when used in kanji compounds,which are made up of two or more kanji. An example of this is , which is pronounced kyuu-jitsu; this compound means “the day(s) one rests,” or “vacation.” This kind of pronunciation, areading that originated in Chinese, is called on-yomi, or on-reading.
The reasons why there can be more than one kun-reading or on-reading are: (1) the same kanji havebeen applied to multiple Japanese words and (2) in some cases the same kanji came from morethan one region of China (where different dialects were spoken and/or in a different period oftime).
� Hurigana ( )
Hurigana are the kana added to provide the reading of a kanji. Where used, they are normally writ-ten above the kanji when the writing is horizontal and on the right-hand side when the writing isvertical.
s
� Horizontal and vertical writing
Japanese sentences can be written horizontally as well as vertically. When writing vertically, theybegin at the top right-hand corner and proceed downward. Upon reaching the bottom of the firstline, the sentence continues at the top of the second vertical line of the paper, starting to the left ofthe first line.
� Spaces
The Japanese do not use spaces between words. Word boundaries are adequately indicated by theuse of kanji, kana, and punctuation.
� Punctuation
Japanese use periods, “ ”, at the end of each sentence. The punctuation correspond-ing to the English comma is the ; “ ” , but it does not always function in the sameway. The use of is not strictly conventionalized; one common use is between phras-es and clauses. Since spaces are not used in Japanese, they are sometimes used to help readersidentify word, phrase, or clause boundaries.
s
See the following sentence:
The sentence above consists of a mixture of kanji, hiragana, and katakana. It is possible to write theentire sentence in hiragana, as follows:
The word for “I,” , can be written in kanji if the writer knows that kanji, which is . Thefourth letter, , is a particle, and particles are never written in kanji. So, the sentence with thatkanji looks like this:
Writing Sentences in Japanese
The Use of Kanji and Kana
Writing Kanji (Writing Practice Book) 63
The word for “America” comes from English. Such words are generally written in katakana, whichare basically used to indicate the sounds of things; here the function of the katakana is to illustratethe sound of this non-Japanese word:
The after means “person,” and it can be written in kanji, . The last two kana, ,cannot be written in kanji because together they constitute an element that changes form (conju-gates) depending on the meaning of the sentence (negative, positive, and so on). The entire sen-tence, therefore, is typically written using the combination of kanji, hiragana, and katakana shownin the sample sentence at the top of this section, which is repeated below.
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
1 oneone
2 twotwo
3 threeone
4 fourborder
5 fivetwo
6 sixeight
7 sevenone
8 eighteight
9 ninetwo
10 tenten
� Reading: The kun-yomi is expressed in hiragana, and on-yomi in katakana. The information inthis column is not complete; only some typical readings are listed.
� Radical: The name and meaning of the radicals are given. The information here may be slightlydifferent from other resources, as not every radical is agreed upon.
Kanji (1–10)
Kanji 1–10 (Writing Practice Book) 65
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66 Kanji 1–10 (Writing Practice Book)
# # #
sKanji Practice Page
wide, big
Kanji # matchesthe text
Model kanji
Kanji meaning
Kun-reading
On-reading
Radical and itsmeaning
Example wordswith the kanji
Kanji practice space
roof
Kanji 1–10 (Writing Practice Book) 67
5 4 3 2 1
68 Kanji 1–10 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 1–10 (Writing Practice Book) 69
10 9 8 7 6
70 Kanji 1–10 (Writing Practice Book)
s
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana reading (place names)
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition) quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size,and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
11 sun, daysun; day
12 origin; root;
booktree; wood
13 personman; human being
14 rice fieldrice field
15 middle,
insidevertical line
16 I, privategrain
17 learnchild; son
18 alive; born;
studentbe; born; live
19 ahead, tiplegs
20 yeardry
� The kanji may be shown in a different font as , which is used in newspapers.Follow the former way when writing.
� Notice that is pronounced as in or, in its voiced version, , as in . The tendency in Japanese is that the second kanji oftentimes becomes voiced. This is a ten-
dency and not a rule.� The first kanji in is pronounced rather than .
Kanji (11–20)
72 Kanji 11–20 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 11–20 (Writing Practice Book) 73
15 14 13 12 11
74 Kanji 11–20 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 11–20 (Writing Practice Book) 75
20 19 18 17 16
76 Kanji 11–20 (Writing Practice Book)
s
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana reading (food and drink)
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition) quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size,and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
21 moon;
monthmoon
22 firefire
23 waterwater
24 treetree; wood
25 moneymetal; gold
26 earthearth
27 big, largelarge
28 small, littlesmall
29 namemouth
30 front; beforeknife; sword
Kanji (21–30)
78 Kanji 21–30 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 21–30 (Writing Practice Book) 79
25 24 23 22 21
80 Kanji 21–30 (Writing Practice Book)
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4567
8 9
Kanji 21–30 (Writing Practice Book) 81
30 29 28 27 26
82 Kanji 21–30 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana reading (things in the house)
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition) quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size,and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
31 hundredwhite
32 thousandten
33 ten thousandone
34 round;
yenenclose
35 (counter)hand
36 whatperson
37 mountainmountain
38 now,
present timeman, human being
39 yesterdaysun, day
40 bright, lightsun, day
� The readings of , , and are neither on-reading nor kun-read-ing. We cannot even assign each kana to kanji in these readings. The entire reading for eachword should be assigned to the entire kanji compound. These are called , morebroadly , which also includes the phonetic use of kanji.
Kanji (31–40)
84 Kanji 31–40 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 31–40 (Writing Practice Book) 85
35 34 33 32 31
86 Kanji 31–40 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 31–40 (Writing Practice Book) 87
40 39 38 37 36
88 Kanji 31–40 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana reading (sports)
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition) quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size,and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
41 female,
womanwoman
42 male, manrice paddy
43 heaven; skylarge
44 spirit, moodbreath, air
45 origin;
foundationlegs
46 high;
expensivehigh
47 cheap;
easeroof
48 hour;sun, day
49 divide;
minuteknife, sword
50 halften
Kanji (41–50)
90 Kanji 41–50 (Writing Practice Book)
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5 76
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Kanji 41–50 (Writing Practice Book) 91
45 44 43 42 41
92 Kanji 41–50 (Writing Practice Book)
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1 2
67
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Kanji 41–50 (Writing Practice Book) 93
50 49 48 47 46
94 Kanji 41–50 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana reading (fruit)
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition) quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size,and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
51 top, above one
52 below, under one
53 a few small
54 child child; son
55 serve person
56 dog dog
57 east tree
58 west west
59 south ten
60 north spoon
61 car wheel
62 father father
63 mother mother
64 every mother
65 country border
� , , , and are .
Kanji (51–65)
96 Kanji 51–65 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 51–65 (Writing Practice Book) 97
55 54 53 52 51
98 Kanji 51–65 (Writing Practice Book)
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45 637
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3
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Kanji 51–65 (Writing Practice Book) 99
60 59 58 57 56
100 Kanji 51–65 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 51–65 (Writing Practice Book) 101
65 64 63 62 61
102 Kanji 51–65 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Katakana reading (names of famous people)
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition) quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size,and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
66 hit, target small
67 use person
68 make person
69 noon ten
70 after, behind step, stride
71 past oneself
72 see, watch see
73 leave container
74 go step, stride
75 town rice field
76 flower plant, grass
77 tea plant, grass
78 friend again
79 reach advance
80 eat eat
� is a .
Kanji (66–80)
104 Kanji 66–80 (Writing Practice Book)
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35
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45 6
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54
Kanji 66–80 (Writing Practice Book) 105
70 69 68 67 66
106 Kanji 66–80 (Writing Practice Book)
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34 5
76
4 5
4
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Kanji 66–80 (Writing Practice Book) 107
75 74 73 72 71
108 Kanji 66–80 (Writing Practice Book)
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8 9
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79
8
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Kanji 66–80 (Writing Practice Book) 109
80 79 78 77 76
110 Kanji 66–80 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Katakana reading (items from a menu)
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition) quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size,and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
81 river river
82 comeman; human being
83 meet top
84 society deity
85 rest person
86 write, book sun, day
87talented,gifted plant, grass
88language;word say, language
89 speak say, language
90 electricity rain
91 reflection sun, day
92drawing;picture rice field
93 new axe
94 old mouth
95listen,hear gate
Kanji (81–95)
112 Kanji 81–95 (Writing Practice Book)
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32
2
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45 6
4 5
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Kanji 81–95 (Writing Practice Book) 113
85 84 83 82 81
114 Kanji 81–95 (Writing Practice Book)
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15
8
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32
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78910
7
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8910
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10111213
9
Kanji 81–95 (Writing Practice Book) 115
90 89 88 87 86
116 Kanji 81–95 (Writing Practice Book)
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9
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568 9
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Kanji 81–95 (Writing Practice Book) 117
95 94 93 92 91
118 Kanji 81–95 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana reading (musical instruments)
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition) quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size,and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
96 early evening evening
97 direction square
98 spacious roof
99 early sun, day
100 same enclose
101 exist moon
102 (counter)box
103 school tree
104 (counter) tree
105 village tree
106 buy shellfish
107 read say, language
108 morning moon
109 noon sun, day
110 evening sun, day
� is a .
Kanji (96–110)
120 Kanji 96–110 (Writing Practice Book)
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4 32
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j
Kanji 96–110 (Writing Practice Book) 121
100 99 98 97 96
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3456
5
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910
5
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122 Kanji 96–110 (Writing Practice Book)
Kanji 96–110 (Writing Practice Book) 123
105 104 103 102 101
124 Kanji 96–110 (Writing Practice Book)
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3 47
9
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Kanji 96–110 (Writing Practice Book) 125
110 109 108 107 106
126 Kanji 96–110 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana writing
Write the names of the people you know in katakana.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition and writing) quizzes should be given at this point. Thenumber, size, and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students andschool.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
111 mouth mouth
112 eye eye
113 neck neck
114 hand hand
115 leg leg
116 earear
117 body person
118 like woman
119 round dot
120 thick big
121 (counter)enclose
122 thing cow
123 night evening
124 drink food
125 rice, meal food
Kanji (111–125)
128 Kanji 111–125 (Writing Practice Book)
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j
j
Kanji 111–125 (Writing Practice Book) 129
115 114 113 112 111
130 Kanji 111–125 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 111–125 (Writing Practice Book) 131
120 119 118 117 116
132 Kanji 111–125 (Writing Practice Book)
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67 8
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Kanji 111–125 (Writing Practice Book) 133
125 124 123 122 121
134 Kanji 111–125 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana writing
Look around the room. Write down everything that you can in katakana.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition and writing) quizzes should be given at this point. Thenumber, size, and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students andschool.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
126 spring sun, day
127 summer one
128 autumn grain
129 winter strike, hit
130 warm sun, day
131 hot sun, day
132 cool water
133 cold roof
134 capital city lid
135 number rice field
136 number mouth
137 near advance
138 far advance
139 week advance
140 durationgate
Kanji (126–140)
136 Kanji 126–140 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 126–140 (Writing Practice Book) 137
130 129 128 127 126
138 Kanji 126–140 (Writing Practice Book)
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678
91011
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9101112
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Kanji 126–140 (Writing Practice Book) 139
135 134 133 132 131
140 Kanji 126–140 (Writing Practice Book)
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Kanji 126–140 (Writing Practice Book) 141
140 139 138 137 136
142 Kanji 126–140 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words
• Sentences
• Katakana writing
Write down as many place names as you can in katakana.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition and writing) quizzes should be given at this point. Thenumber, size, and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students andschool.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
141 forest tree
142 woods tree
143 rain rain
144 snow rain
145 intimate see
146 cut sword
147 ocean water
148 swimming water
149 older brother legs
150 older sister woman
151youngersister
woman
152youngerbrother
bow
153 begin woman
154 end thread
155 paper thread
� and are .
Kanji (141–155)
144 Kanji 141–155 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1
2
5
6
8
2
1
1
11
910
2
2
12
3 456
7
8
9125
3
6
7
85
4
3
9
10
11
1615
Kanji 141–155 (Writing Practice Book) 145
145 144 143 142 141
146 Kanji 141–155 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1
25
4
7
3
6 89
2
1
1
4 5
2
2
1
2
3
45
67 8
4
3
3
6
7
8
5
4
3
Kanji 141–155 (Writing Practice Book) 147
150 149 148 147 146
148 Kanji 141–155 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1 2
5 4
7
36
2
1
1
45
6
2
2
1 2
910
45
6
7
8
4
5
6
873
3
67
8
5
4
10
11
87
Kanji 141–155 (Writing Practice Book) 149
155 154 153 152 151
150 Kanji 141–155 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Katakana writing
Write as many food/drink words as you can in katakana.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition and writing) quizzes should be given at this point. Thenumber, size, and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students andschool.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
156 sky, empty roof
157 illness illness
158 pain illness
159 institution mound
160 try say, language
161 examination horse
162 graduate ten
163 work tree
164 station horse
165 wind wind
166 (phonetic /ro/) mouth
167 travel square
168 serve person
169 matter, affair hooked stroke
170 use, employ use
Kanji (156–170)
152 Kanji 156–170 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1
2
5
4
78 9
10
3 6
2
1
13
9
45
62
2
1
23 9
104
56
7
8
4 5
6
87
3
3 67 91011
12
5
4
11
12 13
8
7
Kanji 156–170 (Writing Practice Book) 153
160 159 158 157 156
154 Kanji 156–170 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1
25
4
78
3 6
2
1
1 13
146
2
2
12
94
37
8
413
14 17
189
12
10
11
687
3
3
6 789
1012 13
115
4
1211
3
7
Kanji 156–170 (Writing Practice Book) 155
165 164 163 162 161
156 Kanji 156–170 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1
2
5
4 7
810
93
6
2
1
5
1
456
23
2
12
4
53
4
56
7
3
3
4
8
7
Kanji 156–170 (Writing Practice Book) 157
170 169 168 167 166
158 Kanji 156–170 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Katakana writing
Write as many sport words as you can in katakana.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition and writing) quizzes should be given at this point. Thenumber, size, and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students andschool.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
171 say; language say, language
172 think heart
173 explain say, language
174 simple bamboo
175 unit small
176 entire person
177 as, like fire
178 city community
179 city cloth
180 publiceight
181 park border
182 wear; arrivesheep
183 hold hand
184 cold ice
185 quiet blue
Kanji (171–185)
160 Kanji 171–185 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
12
54
78 9
3
6
2
1
56
7
101112
1314
8 9
1 456
1116
15
23
2
1 2
4 6 9
8
7
5
3
4
56
7
3
34
87
Kanji 171–185 (Writing Practice Book) 161
175 174 173 172 171
162 Kanji 171–185 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1 254 7
8
9 10 11 12
3
6
2
1
5
67
10
8
9
1
452
3
2
1 2
43
45
6
3
3
4
Kanji 171–185 (Writing Practice Book) 163
180 179 178 177 176
164 Kanji 171–185 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1 2
54
7 9101112
3
6
2
1
5
6
78
9
14
5
6
7
2
3
2
12
43
8
10
1112
13
14
9
5 76
4
56910
1112
13
3
3
4
Kanji 171–185 (Writing Practice Book) 165
185 184 183 182 181
166 Kanji 171–185 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Katakana writing
Write as many famous people’s names as possible in katakana.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition and writing) quizzes should be given at this point. Thenumber, size, and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students andschool.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
186 abundant evening
187 sentence literature
188 cry water
189 effort power
190 strong bow
191 diagram border
192 building eat
193 section community
194 store corpse
195 store roof
196 sound sound
197 comfort tree
198 dark sun, day
199 quick advance
200 slow, late advance
� is a .
Kanji (186–200)
168 Kanji 186–200 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1
24
3
2
1
56 7
14
56
7 8
9
102
3
2
1
2
4
3
810
11
9
5
76
4 5
6
3
3
4
Kanji 186–200 (Writing Practice Book) 169
190 189 188 187 186
170 Kanji 186–200 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1 2
43
9
7
1110 13
1512 14
16
2
1
5
67
8
910
1
45 6
78
9
23
2
1243
8
5
76
4 5
6
7
3
3 4
j
Kanji 186–200 (Writing Practice Book) 171
195 194 193 192 191
172 Kanji 186–200 (Writing Practice Book)
Stroke order Trace and practice
1
1
26
4
3
9
8
710
2
1
567 89
10
1
4
5
6 7
8
9
10
23
2
124
3
8
10
11
12
5
7 9
45
6789
3
11
Kanji 186–200 (Writing Practice Book) 173
200 199 198 197 196
174 Kanji 186–200 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Katakana writing
Write as many names of musical instruments as possible in katakana.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji (writing) and katakana (recognition and writing) quizzes should be given at this point. Thenumber, size, and frequency of the quizzes should depend on the needs of the students andschool.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
201 red red
202 white white
203 blue blue
204 black black
205 yellow yellow
206 color color
207 medicine box
208 person old person
209 Han dynasty water
210character;letter roof
211 teach; show strike, hit
212 room roof
213 end tree
214 receive hand; again
215 provide hand
Kanji (201–215)
176 Kanji 201–215 (Writing Practice Book)
205 204 203 202 201
Kanji 201–215 (Writing Practice Book) 177
210 209 208 207 206
178 Kanji 201–215 (Writing Practice Book)
215 214 213 212 211
Kanji 201–215 (Writing Practice Book) 179
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write as many verbs as possible in kanji.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
216 right side mouth
217 left side work
218 harmony grain
219 ocean water
220 reside person
221 enter; put inenter
222 outside evening
223 he; that locomotion
224 home roof
225 door door
226 place door
227 know arrow
228 change person
229 laugh bamboo
230 answer bamboo
� Although not an official kun-reading. is often read as .
Kanji (216–230)
Kanji 216–230 (Writing Practice Book) 181
220 219 218 217 216
182 Kanji 216–230 (Writing Practice Book)
225 224 223 222 221
Kanji 216–230 (Writing Practice Book) 183
230 229 228 227 226
184 Kanji 216–230 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write as many adjectives in kanji as possible.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
231 god deity
232 temple inch
233 busy heart
234 forget heart
235 long long
236 short arrow
237 open gate
238 close gate
239 world one
240 world field
241 walk stop
242 run run
243 send advance
244 vicinity advance
245 young grass
Kanji (231–245)
186 Kanji 231–245 (Writing Practice Book)
235 234 233 232 231
Kanji 231–245 (Writing Practice Book) 187
240 239 238 237 236
188 Kanji 231–245 (Writing Practice Book)
245 244 243 242 241
Kanji 231–245 (Writing Practice Book) 189
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write as many nouns related to people as possible in kanji.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
246 measure say, language
247 dream grass
248 nothing fire
249 reason gem
250 cook rice
251 excessive advance
252 play advance
253 sell knight
254 gather small bird
255 opponent eye
256 talk say, language
257 blow mouth
258 next yawn
259 investigate say, language
260 dormitory roof
Kanji (246–260)
Kanji 246–260 (Writing Practice Book) 191
250 249 248 247 246
192 Kanji 246–260 (Writing Practice Book)
255 254 253 252 251
Kanji 246–260 (Writing Practice Book) 193
260 259 258 257 256
194 Kanji 246–260 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write as many nouns that refer to things as possible in kanji.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
261 stay water
262 law water
263 ancient sun, day
264 garden roof
265 vegetablegarden rice field
266 breath heart
267 full tree
268polite form of
tree
269 plum tree
270 sad heart
271 flow water
272 fresh fish
273 clan square
274 ruler mouth
275 dislike woman
� The kanji was created in Japan.� and are .
Kanji (261–275)
196 Kanji 261–275 (Writing Practice Book)
265 264 263 262 261
Kanji 261–275 (Writing Practice Book) 197
270 269 268 267 266
198 Kanji 261–275 (Writing Practice Book)
275 274 273 272 271
Kanji 261–275 (Writing Practice Book) 199
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write groups of kanji that have the same radical. Choose three different radicals.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
276 silver metal
277 member mouth
278 copy cover
279 truth eye
280 think old person
281 sit roof
282 bad heart
283 stop stop
284 teeth stop
285 visit say, language
286 inquire gate
287 quality cowry
288 home roof
289 topic head
290 head head
Kanji (276–290)
Kanji 276–290 (Writing Practice Book) 201
280 279 278 277 276
202 Kanji 276–290 (Writing Practice Book)
285 284 283 282 281
Kanji 276–290 (Writing Practice Book) 203
290 289 288 287 286
204 Kanji 276–290 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write groups of kanji that have the same radical. Choose three different radicals (ones you did notchoose previously).
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
291 advance hooked stroke
292 learn wing
293 repeat locomotion
294 stomach flesh
295 train thread
296 link advance
297 stay field
298 transport advance
299 move strength
300 work person
301 turn wheel
302 trouble border
303 guest roof
304 transmit person
305 Buddha person
� is a .� The kanji was created in Japan.� is a .
Kanji (291–305)
206 Kanji 291–305 (Writing Practice Book)
295 294 293 292 291
Kanji 291–305 (Writing Practice Book) 207
300 299 298 297 296
208 Kanji 291–305 (Writing Practice Book)
305 304 303 302 301
Kanji 291–305 (Writing Practice Book) 209
• Words
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write groups of kanji that have the same radical. Choose three different radicals (ones you did notchoose previously).
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
306 heavy hamlet
307 light wheel
308 oppose hand, again
309 opposite inch
310 bloom mouth
311 correct eye
312 plant tree
313 lend shell
314 borrow person
315 push hand
316 wash water
317 laundry water
318 day of the week day, sun
319 cat animal
320 draw hand
� is used to mean “to draw; to paint.” The kanji itself is a , butwhile this reading is not officially given for the character, it is nevertheless used widely.
Kanji (306–320)
Kanji 306–320 (Writing Practice Book) 211
310 309 308 307 306
212 Kanji 306–320 (Writing Practice Book)
315 314 313 312 311
Kanji 306–320 (Writing Practice Book) 213
320 319 318 317 316
214 Kanji 306–320 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write groups of kanji that have the same radical. Choose three different radicals (ones you did notchoose previously).
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
321 lose big
322 appreciation deity
323 raise flesh
324 record say, language
325 face face
326 return cloth
327 everyone white
328 spine flesh
329 low person
330 picture thread
331 leaf grass
332 sharpen stone
333 investigate roof
334 pass advance
335 reason say, language
� when used with ~ or ~ . is pronounced when used in isolation.
Kanji (321–335)
216 Kanji 321–335 (Writing Practice Book)
325 324 323 322 321
Kanji 321–335 (Writing Practice Book) 217
330 329 328 327 326
218 Kanji 321–335 (Writing Practice Book)
335 334 333 332 331
Kanji 321–335 (Writing Practice Book) 219
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Write groups of kanji that have the same radical. Choose three different radicals (ones you did notchoose previously).
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
336 return advance
337 song yawn
338 express clothing
339 appear jewel
340 fruit; truth roof
341 target white
342 request head
343 face head
344 road advance
345 service strength
346 clothes flesh
347 cord; beginning thread
348 thin thread
349 wait locomotion
350 separate sword
Kanji (336–350)
Kanji 336–350 (Writing Practice Book) 221
340 339 338 337 336
222 Kanji 336–350 (Writing Practice Book)
345 344 343 342 341
Kanji 336–350 (Writing Practice Book) 223
350 349 348 347 346
224 Kanji 336–350 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
From a single kanji, create as many words as possible. Do this activity with five different kanji.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
351 stand stand
352 house roof
353 convenience person
354 gain sword
355 (negative prefix) one
356 intention heart
357 taste mouth
358 take hand, again
359 flavor run
360 awake run
361 sleep roof
362 degree roof
363 turn border
364 meat flesh
365 fish fish
Kanji (351–365)
226 Kanji 351–365 (Writing Practice Book)
355 354 353 352 351
Kanji 351–365 (Writing Practice Book) 227
360 359 358 357 356
228 Kanji 351–365 (Writing Practice Book)
365 364 363 362 361
Kanji 351–365 (Writing Practice Book) 229
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
From a single kanji, create as many words as possible. Do this activity with five different kanji.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
366 fee person
367 match mouth
368 shower water
369 change lid
370 ride left stroke
371 fall mound
372 promise thread
373 continue thread
374 resign acrid
375 canon eight
376 curve say
377 voice knight
378 period of time moon
379 body body
380 ground earth
Kanji (366–380)
Kanji 366–380 (Writing Practice Book) 231
370 369 368 367 366
232 Kanji 366–380 (Writing Practice Book)
375 374 373 372 371
Kanji 366–380 (Writing Practice Book) 233
380 379 378 377 376
234 Kanji 366–380 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
From a single kanji, create as many words as possible. Do this activity with five different kanji.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
381 rice rice
382 pour water
383 stay water
384 exist earth
385 invite hand
386 tie thread
387 marriage woman
388 ceremony spike
389 dance foot
390 remain death
391 celebrate show
392 protect roof
393 view see
394 light small
395 accustom heart
Kanji (381–395)
236 Kanji 381–395 (Writing Practice Book)
385 384 383 382 381
Kanji 381–395 (Writing Practice Book) 237
390 389 388 387 386
238 Kanji 381–395 (Writing Practice Book)
395 394 393 392 391
Kanji 381–395 (Writing Practice Book) 239
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
From a single kanji, create as many words as possible. Do this activity with five different kanji.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
396 place earth
397 (prefix) person
398 barrier gate
399 fight spear
400 argue diagonal stroke
401 effort power
402 power power
403 welcome advance
404 retire advance
405 choose advance
406 price; value person
407 stairs club
408 government strike, hit
409 heal water
410 port water
Kanji (396–410)
Kanji 395–410 (Writing Practice Book) 241
400 399 398 397 396
405 404 403 402 401
242 Kanji 395–410 (Writing Practice Book)
410 409 408 407 406
Kanji 395–410 (Writing Practice Book) 243
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
From a single kanji, create as many words as possible. Do this activity with five different kanji.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
244 Kanji 395–410 (Writing Practice Book)
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
411 basis earth
412 line thread
413 chapter sound
414 bundle tree
415 seat roof
416 lack yawn
417 correct stop
418 constant small
419 necessity heart
420 completion roof
421 become spear
422 life; order mouth
423 command person
424 clear day, sun
425 cloud day, sun
Kanji (411–425)
246 Kanji 411–425 (Writing Practice Book)
415 414 413 412 411
Kanji 411–425 (Writing Practice Book) 247
420 419 418 417 416
248 Kanji 411–425 (Writing Practice Book)
425 424 423 422 421
Kanji 411–425 (Writing Practice Book) 249
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Do the following activity: select a kanji; then write another kanji that shares at least one part withthe selected kanji. Continue this activity until you no longer can produce a kanji. Repeat thisprocess.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
426 beautiful sheep
427 pass thread
428 end; result tree
429 merit work
430 comprehend horn
431 relate person
432 lively water
433 fill water
434 severe bitter
435 suffering grass
436 abandon hand
437 different advance
438 escape advance
439 companion person
440 believe person
Kanji (426–440)
Kanji 426–440 (Writing Practice Book) 251
430 429 428 427 426
252 Kanji 426–440 (Writing Practice Book)
435 434 433 432 431
Kanji 426–440 (Writing Practice Book) 253
440 439 438 437 436
254 Kanji 426–440 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Do the following activity: select a kanji; then write another kanji that shares at least one part withthe selected kanji. Continue this activity until you no longer can produce a kanji. Repeat thisprocess.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
441 example person
442 imagination heart
443 poem say, language
444 feeling heart
445 compassion heart
446 achievement thread
447 number strike, hit
448 printing split wood
449 superior person
450 inferior diagonal stroke
451 heart heart
452 distribute wine
453 move grain
454 limitation hill
455 office net
Kanji (441–455)
256 Kanji 441–455 (Writing Practice Book)
445 444 443 442 441
Kanji 441–455 (Writing Practice Book) 257
450 449 448 447 446
258 Kanji 441–455 (Writing Practice Book)
455 454 453 452 451
Kanji 441–455 (Writing Practice Book) 259
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Do the following activity: select a kanji; then write another kanji that shares at least one part withthe selected kanji. Continue this activity until you no longer can produce a kanji. Repeat thisprocess.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
456 cow cow
457 milk hook
458 main lid, top
459 manage mouth
460 box bamboo
461 need cover
462 disappear water
463 fall grass
464 give birth stand
465 return door
466 line up eight
467 break knife
468 build proceed
469 health person
470 peace roof
Kanji (456–470)
Kanji 456–470 (Writing Practice Book) 261
460 459 458 457 456
262 Kanji 456–470 (Writing Practice Book)
465 464 463 462 461
Kanji 456–470 (Writing Practice Book) 263
470 469 468 467 466
264 Kanji 456–470 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Do the following activity: select a kanji; then write another kanji that shares at least one part withthe selected kanji. Continue this activity until you no longer can produce a kanji. Repeat thisprocess.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
471 exist child
472 say vertical line
473 summon knife
474 difference sheep
475 summit head
476 pray hand
477 do strike, hit
478 interior diagonal stroke
479 inside enclose
480 hair hair
481 stout one
482 husband big
483 happiness shield
484 birth say, language
485 respect strike, hit
Kanji (471–485)
266 Kanji 471–485 (Writing Practice Book)
475 474 473 472 471
Kanji 471–485 (Writing Practice Book) 267
480 479 478 477 476
268 Kanji 471–485 (Writing Practice Book)
485 484 483 482 481
Kanji 471–485 (Writing Practice Book) 269
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Reading Meaning Example Radical
486 govern thread
487 govern head
488 cross over water
489 bridge tree
490 alcohol water
491 gender heart
492 die out thread
493 narrow dog
494 island mountain
495 die death
496 well two
497 most say
498 first sword
499 degree bamboo
500 section say, language
Kanji (486–500)
Kanji 486–500 (Writing Practice Book) 271
490 489 488 487 486
272 Kanji 486–500 (Writing Practice Book)
495 494 493 492 491
Kanji 486–500 (Writing Practice Book) 273
500 499 498 497 496
274 Kanji 486–500 (Writing Practice Book)
• Words/phrases
• Sentences
• Kanji writing
Do the following activity: select a kanji; then write another kanji that shares at least one part withthe selected kanji. Continue this activity until you no longer can produce a kanji. Repeat thisprocess.
• Kanji/katakana quiz
Kanji and katakana quizzes should be given at this point. The number, size, and frequency of thequizzes should depend on the needs of the students and school.
Examples
Kanji Index
All kanji are listed below according to the on-readings and kun-readings given for them in thisvolume. The number in parentheses is the kanji’s identification number. On-readings are givenin katakana, and kun-readings are given in hiragana. A kanji may be located using any of thereadings given for it in this volume. Consequently, a single kanji may be listed multiple times inthe index.
: – hit, target (66)
: – meet (83)
: – exist (101)
: – open (237)
: – match (367)
: – show (368)
: – exist (384)
: – opponent (255)
: – duration (140)
: – blue (203)
: – bright, light (40)
: – red (201)
: – autumn (128)
: – bad (282)
: – morning (108)
: – fresh (272)
: – leg (115)
: – taste (357)
: – play (252)
: – warm (130)
: – head (290)
: – new (93)
: – hot (131)
: – gather (254)
: – after, behind (70)
: – older brother (149)
: – older sister (150)
: – heaven, sky (43)
: – rain (143)
: – wash (316)
: – advance (291)
: – argument (400)
: – express (338)
: – appear (339)
: – walk (241)
: – cheap (47)
: – dark (198)
: – alive, born, student (18)
: – go (74)
: – say, language (171)
: – medicine (207)
: – intention (356)
: – (prefix) (397)
: – lively (432)
: – different (437)
: – move (453)
: – need (461)
: – well (496)
: – home (224)
: – breath (266)
: – raise (323)
: – busy (233)
: – pain (158)
: – do (477)
: – summit (475)
: – one (1)
: – five (5)
: – manage (459)
: – dog (56)
: – order (422)
: – now, present time (38)
: – younger sister (151)
: – color (206)
: – celebrate (391)
: – drink (124)
: – institution (159)
: – member (277)
: – born (18)
: – rain (143)
: – receive (214)
: – sell (253)
: – plant (312)
: – birth (464)
: – top, above (51)
: – move (299)
: – cow (456)
: – lose (321)
: – song (337)
: – inside (479)
: – reflection (91)
: – copy (278)
: – move (453)
: – beautiful (426)
: – sea (147)
: – plum (269)
: – respect (485)
: – transport (298)
: – picture (330)
: – talented, gifted (87)
: – reflection (91)
: – swim (148)
: – manage (459)
: – drawing, picture (320)
: – station (164)
: – choose (405)
: – yen (34)
: – far (138)
: – park (181)
: – end (154)
: – push (315)
: – outset (347)
: – awake (360)
: – fall (371)
: – fall (463)
: –yellow (205)
: – big, large (27)
: – abundant (186)
: – push (315)
: – interior (478)
: – public (180)
: – pray (476)
: – interior (478)
: – send (243)
: – teach, show (211)
: – late (110)
: – slow, late (200)
: – husband (482)
: – sound (196)
: – inferior (450)
: – younger brother (152)
: – male, man (42)
: – dance (389)
: – same (100)
: – think (172)
: – heavy (306)
: – face (325)
: – imagination (442)
: – main (458)
: – flavor (359)
: – intimate (145)
: – swim (148)
276 Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book)
: – sound (196)
: – female, woman (41)
: – fire (22)
: – below, under (52)
: – flower (76)
: – write, book (86)
: – buy (106)
: – summer (127)
: – home (224)
: – change (228)
: – excessive (251)
: – lend (313)
: – borrow (314)
: – draw (320)
: – song (337)
: – fee (366)
: – change (369)
: – lack (416)
: – result, end (428)
: – section (500)
: – meet (83)
: – sea (147)
: – open (237)
: – world (240)
: – everyone (327)
: – picture (330)
: – turn (363)
: – comprehend (430)
: – return (326)
: – return (336)
: – face (343)
: – relate (431)
: – limitation (454)
: – number (447)
: – wind (165)
: – direction (97)
: – lively (432)
: – break (467)
: – sad (270)
: – necessity (419)
: – money (25)
: – paper (155)
: – god (231)
: – difficult (434)
: – body (117)
: – light (307)
: – he (223)
: – river (81)
: – cold (133)
: – duration (140)
: – simple (174)
: – building (192)
: – Han dynasty (209)
: – view (393)
: – accustom (395)
: – relation (398)
: – completion (420)
: – feeling (444)
: – think (280)
: – outside (222)
: – learn (17)
: – comfort (197)
: – moon, month (21)
: – face (343)
: – tree (24)
: – spirit, mood (44)
: – come (82)
: – listen, hear (95)
: – cut (146)
: – wear, arrive (182)
: – gold (205)
: – record (324)
Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book) 277
: – return (326)
: – reason (354)
: – awake (360)
: – period (378)
: – basis (411)
: – disappear (462)
: – north (60)
: – ruler (274)
: – guest (303)
: – nine(9)
: – rest ( 85)
: – cry (188)
: – search (333)
: – past (71)
: – capital city (134)
: – older brother (149)
: – strong (190)
: – teach, show (211)
: – bridge (489)
: – narrow (493)
: – curve (376)
: – dislike (275)
: – money (25)
: – near (137)
: – service (345)
: – cow (456)
: – fish (365)
: – work (163)
: – silver (276)
: – nine (9)
: – come (82)
: – suffering (435)
: – sky, empty (156)
: – mouth (111)
: – country (65)
: – distribute (452)
: – neck (113)
: – cloud (425)
: – dark (198)
: – suffering (435)
: – car (61)
: – black (204)
: – ruler (274)
: – hair (480)
: – measure (246)
: – light (307)
: – pass (427)
: – relate (431)
: – respect (485)
: – tie (386)
: – lack (416)
: – dog (56)
: – see, watch (72)
: – examination (161)
: – sharpen (332)
: – build (468)
: – health (469)
: – welcome (403)
: – moon, month (21)
: – origin, foundation (45)
: – say, language (171)
: – dislike (275)
: – appear (339)
: – limitation (454)
: – child (54)
: – come (82)
: – old (94)
: – high, expensive (46)
278 Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book)
: – go (74)
: – spacious (98)
: – school (103)
: – mouth (111)
: – like (118)
: – public (180)
: – think (280)
: – fall (371)
: – light (394)
: – port (410)
: – merit (429)
: – heal (470)
: – happiness (483)
: – voice (377)
: – country (65)
: – black (204)
: – nine (9)
: – heart (451)
: – answer (230)
: – matter, affair (169)
: – trouble (302)
: – rice (381)
: – turn (301)
: – now, present time (38)
: – trouble (302)
: – marriage (387)
: – five (5)
: – noon (69)
: – after, behind (70)
: – language, word (88)
: – number (136)
: – match (367)
: – left side (217)
: – bloom (310)
: – difference (474)
: – difference (474)
: – (counter) (35)
: – thin (348)
: – most (497)
: – fish (365)
: – ahead, tip (19)
: – yesterday (39)
: – make (68)
: – alcohol (490)
: – provide (215)
: – (counter) (121)
: – polite (268)
: – cold (133)
: – three (3)
: – mountain (37)
: – birth (464)
: – sit (281)
: – exist (384)
: – remain (390)
: – four (4)
: – I, private (16)
: – child (54)
: – use (67)
: – older sister (150)
: – begin (153)
: – paper (155)
: – try (160)
: – serve (168)
: – think (172)
: – city (179)
: – know (227)
: – close (238)
: – stop (283)
: – teeth (284)
: – poem (443)
Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book) 279
: – die (495)
: – happiness (483)
: – ceremony (388)
: – quiet (185)
: – below, under (52)
: – seven (7)
: – room (212)
: – quality (287)
: – lose (321)
: – island (494)
: – car (61)
: – society (84)
: – person (208)
: – copy (278)
: – abandon (436)
: – borrow (314)
: – neck (113)
: – hand (114)
: – take (358)
: – flavor (359)
: – protect (392)
: – main (458)
: – alcohol (490)
: – autumn (128)
: – week (139)
: – end (154)
: – gather (254)
: – learn (292)
: – home (288)
: – celebrate (391)
: – leave (73)
: – spring (126)
: – write, book (86)
: – hot (131)
: – place (226)
: – beginning (347)
: – office (455)
: – first (498)
: – alive, born, student (18)
: – small, little (28)
: – a few (53)
: – laugh (229)
: – invite (385)
: – chapter (413)
: – disappear (462)
: – summon (473)
: – eat (80)
: – color (206)
: – plant (312)
: – investigate (259)
: – retire (404)
: – white (202)
: – new (93)
: – forest (141)
: – intimate (145)
: – god (231)
: – truth (279)
: – sleep (361)
: – body (379)
: – difficult (434)
: – believe (440)
: – heart (451)
: – say (472)
: – hour (48)
: – ear (116)
: – matter, affair (169)
: – hold (183)
: – character, letter (210)
: – temple (232)
: – next (258)
: – resign (374)
: – ground (380)
: – heal (409)
: – truth (340)
: – young (245)
: – receive (214)
280 Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book)
: – provide (215)
: – ten (10)
: – reside (220)
: – heavy (306)
: – female, woman (41)
: – top, above (51)
: – ride (370)
: – constant (418)
: – compassion (445)
: – stout (481)
: – like (118)
: – reside (220)
: – excessive (251)
: – abandon (436)
: – govern (486)
: – water (23)
: – blow (257)
: – number (447)
: – end (213)
: – superior (449)
: – a few (53)
: – health (469)
: – cool (132)
: – sit (281)
: – diagram (191)
: – head (290)
: – world (239)
: – back (328)
: – alive, born, student (18)
: – west (58)
: – quiet (185)
: – blue (203)
: – voice (377)
: – government (408)
: – correct (417)
: – become (421)
: – clear (424)
: – gender (491)
: – early evening (96)
: – red (201)
: – ancient (263)
: – seat (415)
: – achievement (446)
: – snow (144)
: – cut (146)
: – explain (173)
: – narrow (493)
: – ahead, tip (19)
: – thousand (32)
: – river (81)
: – fresh (272)
: – wash (316)
: – fight (399)
: – choose (405)
: – line (412)
: – die out (492)
: – front, before (30)
: – entire (176)
: – as, like (177)
: – oppose (308)
: – early (99)
: – run (242)
: – send (243)
: – opponent (255)
: – argument (400)
: – imagination (442)
: – leg (115)
: – quick (199)
Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book) 281
: – breath (266)
: – bundle (414)
: – pour (382)
: – raise (323)
: – graduate (162)
: – outside (222)
: – park (181)
: – sky, empty (156)
: – village (105)
: – exist (471)
: – clan (273)
: – continue (373)
: – rice field (14)
: – eat (80)
: – fat (120)
: – abundant (186)
: – stand (351)
: – die out (492)
: – body (117)
: – opposite (309)
: – lend (313)
: – wait (349)
: – stay (383)
: – retire (404)
: – high, expensive (46)
: – laundry (317)
: – house (352)
: – stout (481)
: – visit (285)
: – fight (399)
: – correct (417)
: – reach (79)
: – build (468)
: – example (441)
: – comfort (197)
: – bundle (414)
: – travel (167)
: – degree (362)
: – request (342)
: – try (160)
: – unit (175)
: – short (236)
: – birth (484)
: – leave (73)
: – big, large (27)
: – younger brother (152)
: – topic (289)
: – fee (366)
: – degree (499)
: – male, man (42)
: – warm (130)
: – talk (256)
: – stairs (407)
: – slow, late (200)
: – know (227)
: – ground (380)
: – do (477)
: – small, little (28)
: – near (137)
: – power (402)
: – different (437)
: – father (62)
: – milk (457)
: – tea (77)
: – wear, arrive (182)
: – middle, inside (15)
: – noon (109)
: – pour (382)
: – town ( 75)
: – morning (108)
282 Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book)
: – long (235)
: – investigate (259)
: – summit (475)
: – correct (311)
: – arrive (182)
: – link (296)
: – pain (158)
: – pass (334)
: – use (67)
: – serve (168)
: – moon, month (21)
: – next (258)
: – transmit (304)
: – continue (373)
: – make (68)
: – earth (26)
: – effort (189)
: – service (345)
: – effort (401)
: – constant (418)
: – cold (184)
: – strong (190)
: – hand (114)
: – garden (264)
: – low (329)
: – target (341)
: – temple (232)
: – heaven, sky (43)
: – store (195)
: – turn (301)
: – canon (375)
: – leave (73)
: – electricity (90)
: – transmit (304)
: – explain (173)
: – city (178)
: – diagram (191)
: – door (225)
: – stay (261)
: – stop (283)
: – inquire (286)
: – stay (297)
: – take (358)
: – cross over (488)
: – east (57)
: – hit, target (66)
: – winter (129)
: – answer (230)
: – escape (438)
: – govern (486)
: – island (494)
: – ten (10)
: – far (138)
: – pass (334)
: – hour (48)
: – place (226)
: – year (20)
: – stay (383)
: – serve (55)
: – friend (78)
: – earth (26)
: – degree (362)
: – effort (401)
: – same (100)
: – move (299)
: – work (300)
: – road (344)
: – read (107)
Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book) 283
: – cloud (425)
: – name (29)
: – cry (188)
: – nothing (248)
: – accustom (395)
: – become (421)
: – inside (479)
: – correct (311)
: – heal (409)
: – middle, inside (15)
: – stomach (294)
: – long (235)
: – flow (271)
: – compassion (445)
: – summer (127)
: – seven (7)
: – what (36)
: – learn (292)
: – line up (466)
: – what (36)
: – male, man (42)
: – south (59)
: – two (2)
: – escape (438)
: – meat (364)
: – west (58)
: – the sun, day (11)
: – enter (221)
: – milk (457)
: – garden (264)
: – person (13)
: – train (295)
: – sleep (361)
: – price (406)
: – cat (319)
: – year (20)
: – drink (124)
: – ride (370)
: – remain (390)
: – teeth (284)
: – leaf (331)
: – clear (424)
: – result, end (428)
: – enter (221)
: – full (267)
: – back (328)
: – distribute (452)
: – pray (476)
: – measure (246)
: – white (202)
: – stay (261)
: – transport (298)
: – box (460)
: – run (242)
: – bridge (489)
: – begin (153)
: – first (498)
: – vegetable garden (265)
: – work (300)
: – eight (8)
: – flower (76)
: – speak (89)
: – mother (63)
: – early (99)
: – quick (199)
: – woods (142)
: – spring (126)
: – half (50)
284 Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book)
: – rice, meal (125)
: – oppose (308)
: – printing (448)
: – change (228)
: – place (396)
: – buy (106)
: – sell (253)
: – plum (269)
: – evening (110)
: – number (135)
: – the sun, day (11)
: – fire (22)
: – sad (270)
: – light (394)
: – east (57)
: – (counter) (102)
: – low (329)
: – left side (217)
: – necessity (419)
: – one (1)
: – person (13)
: – noon (109)
: – spacious (98)
: – hundred (31)
: – express (338)
: – beautiful (426)
: – illness (157)
: – draw (320)
: – father (62)
: – blow (257)
: – (negative prefix) (355)
: – husband (482)
: – wind (165)
: – repeat (293)
: – stomach (294)
: – clothes (346)
: – two (2)
: – thick (120)
: – sentence (187)
: – winter (129)
: – old (94)
: – divide, minute (49)
: – section (193)
: – thing (122)
: – Buddha (305)
: – listen, hear (95)
: – sentence (187)
: – pass (427)
: – close (238)
: – line up (466)
: – vicinity (244)
: – return (336)
: – change (369)
: – rice (381)
: – separate (350)
: – effort (189)
: – convenience (353)
: – walk (241)
: – direction (97)
: – law (262)
: – visit (285)
: – north (60)
Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book) 285
: – thin (348)
: – Buddha (305)
: – origin, book, root (12)
: – mother (63)
: – busy (233)
: – forget (234)
: – duration (140)
: – truth (279)
: – wait (349)
: – curve (376)
: – every (64)
: – (counter) (104)
: - younger sister (151)
: – front, before (30)
: – town (75)
: – end (213)
: – entire (176)
: – target (341)
: – learn (17)
: – invite (385)
: – protect (392)
: – round (119)
: – turn (363)
: – ten thousand (33)
: – fill (433)
: – three (3)
: – see, watch (72)
: – truth (340)
: – taste (357)
: – body (379)
: – view (393)
: – fill (433)
: – right side (216)
: – short (236)
: – water (23)
: – store (195)
: – road (344)
: – everyone (327)
: – port (410)
: – south (59)
: – ear (116)
: – bright, light (40)
: – six (6)
: – dream (247)
: – nothing (248)
: – welcome (403)
: – ancient (263)
: – tie (386)
: – village (105)
: – eye (112)
: – summon (473)
: – name (29)
: – bright, light (40)
: – order (422)
: – rice, meal (125)
: – face (325)
: – hold (183)
: – say (472)
: – hair (480)
: – eye (112)
: – tree (24)
: – use, employ (170)
: – most (497)
: – origin, book, root (12)
: – origin, foundation (45)
: – basis (411)
286 Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book)
: – return (465)
: – thing (122)
: – person (208)
: – forest (141)
: – inquire (286)
: – eight (8)
: – night (123)
: – store (194)
: – resign (374)
: – reason (335)
: – promise (372)
: – cheap (47)
: – rest (85)
: – home (288)
: – mountain (37)
: – harmony (218)
: – friend (78)
: – exist (101)
: – right side (216)
: – play (253)
: – early evening (96)
: – superior (449)
: – snow (144)
: – dream (247)
: – four (4)
: – read (107)
: – world (239)
: – advance (291)
: – use, employ (170)
: – ocean (219)
: – day (week) (318)
: – leaf (331)
: – dance (389)
: – need (461)
: – show (368)
: – night (123)
: – come (82)
: – request (342)
: – fall (463)
: – reason (249)
: – reason (354)
: – stand (351)
: – flow (271)
: – stay (297)
: – travel (167)
: – cool (132)
: – cook (250)
: – dormitory (260)
: – companion (439)
: – govern (487)
: – power (402)
: – woods (142)
: – cold (184)
: – appreciation (322)
: – command (423)
: – example (441)
: – inferior (450)
: – train (295)
: – link (296)
: – phonetic /ro/ (166)
: – six (6)
: – divide, minute (49)
Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book) 287
: – speak (89)
: – harmony (218)
: – comprehend (430)
: – break (467)
: – young (245)
: – separate (350)
: – reason (335)
: – work (163)
: – forget (234)
: – cross over (488)
: – I, private (16)
: – laugh (229)
: – bad (282)
288 Kanji Index (Writing Practice Book)