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AN INTEGRATED DESIGN AND CONTROL APPROACH FOR
PHOTOVOLTAIC MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING SYSTEM WITH
BATTERY BASED ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR ELECTRICAL VEHICLE
Mr. G. Ramakrishnaprabu, M.E., (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research
Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem-636308, Tamilnadu, India.
K.Meenashisundaram,PG Scholar, M.E., Power System Engineering,Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research
Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem-636308, Tamilnadu, India.
ABSTRACT:
To enhance the performance of PV power conversion
system, this research work concentrates areas such as
performance improvement of Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT), Battery-based energy management
and control. State-of-charge of PV generator, and
Energy Storage during a transition of the islanded
mode operation, through identification of proper
reference source and stabilize the power generation
system. The proposed state-of-charge (SOC)
algorithm system is used to improve the power
charging control of this system. Electric vehicles
(EVs) can be considered as flexible battery storages
in micro grids.
Keyword: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT),
state-of-charge (SOC) algorithm, Electric vehicles
(EVs).
I. INTRODUCTION
This development of an electric propulsion
system, energy management system (EMS) and
battery management system (BMS) to convert a
conventional internal-combustion-engine vehicle to a
fully electric vehicle. An EMS is designed, built and
tested to optimize electrical power consumption of
the converted electric vehicle and extend its driving
range. It tracks, among others, vehicle speed, motor
speed, power consumption, battery, and motor
temperature and battery state of charge (SOC) and
gives feedback in terms of suggested actions for the
driver.
Different energy storage technologies have
been developed by using various energy converting
strategies. For example, energy is stored in water
reservoirs as the gravitational potential energy, as the
compressed air in caverns, in batteries and flow
batteries as electrochemical energy, in fuel cells as
chemical energy, in flywheels as kinetic energy, in
inductors as magnetic field and capacitors as the
electrical field. Batteries are the most common
energy storage technologies. The energy is stored in a
battery cell as electrochemical energy. The battery
cells are connected in series or in parallel to reach the
desired voltage, current and capacity values. A
battery cell composes two electrodes called anode
and cathode, and the electrolyte. The electrolyte and
electrodes are placed into a closed and sealed
container. The electrolyte gives the exchange of ions
between the electrodes, and electrons flow through
the external circuit as depicted.
Different conditions should be supported to
improve the power system stability of renewable
energy penetration. Mitigating power fluctuations is
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one of these issues. Since solar irradiation and wind
speed fluctuate with time, the output power of a PV
system or wind turbine also fluctuates. This effect is
more serious in isolated power systems. Therefore,
energy storage systems are used to improve the
voltage and frequency stability and power quality of
the power system. Since the time range of power
fluctuations are usually less than a minute, an energy
storage technology that is suitable for short term
energy storage applications with high ramp power
rates is used such as lead-acid batteries, flow
batteries, supercapacitors, flywheels, and
superconducting magnetic energy storage systems.
Figure 1: Structure of a residential PV system
with a battery energy storage system.
Electrical Energy Storage (EES) systems
support a large field of technological approaches. The
most significant benefits are the power supply control
to get a better resilient energy infrastructure with cost
savings to consumers. The Electrical Energy Storage
includes Electrical storage (capacitor, coil),
Electrochemical Storage (batteries), Pumped
Hydroelectric, Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES), Rotational energy storage (flywheels) and
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES).
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Solar PV (Photovoltaic) with battery storage
is presented to a single phase grid for residential and
electric vehicle application. The main purpose of the
proposed work is to feed a continuous power to the
grid thereby enhancing the viability of the battery
energy storage support connected to the system [1].
The charging and discharging of the battery achieve
power leveling and load leveling along with
increased reliability of the system. The
multifunctional voltage source converter acts as an
active power filter and performs the harmonics
mitigation along with reactive power compensation.
In the proposed system a different control is
developed for resynchronization of the grid during
reconnection of the grid after the reduction of failure
[2]. The overall control of the system is adaptable
under various practically occurring situations such as
disconnection of PV array, battery, and grid from the
system. The detailed design and control of the
proposed method are presented.
The transition of energy generation entirely
through renewable resources such as solar may take
time and thus must be coupled together with the
present utility grid to achieve the desired results.
Various researches have been carried out and
surveyed in the literature dealing with the ways of
incorporating and integrating solar PV system with
the utility grid [3]. A two-stage grid-connected solar
PV system with adjustable DC link voltage. The
proportional integral controllers are used which are
based on instantaneous quantities. The basic
component of the load current is extracted using the
adaptive filtering through the least mean square
(LMS) algorithm. The passive islanding detection
scheme is implemented to achieve the disconnection
of the grid under faults. Second order generalized
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integrator (SOGI) based phase locked loop is
performed to make the synchronization with the grid
parameters [4].
The resynchronization is achieved using a
PLL-PI (Phase Locked Loop - Proportional Integral)
based controller. The stability analysis of the
controllers is performed through frequency domain
and linearization. The control of boost, bidirectional,
and the voltage source converter. The instantaneous
quantities are controlled using the proportional-
integral (PI) controller [5]. The stability analysis of
the controllers is performed using the small signal
model through frequency domain analysis. To
counteract the nonlinearity of converters, the phase
margins and the bandwidth of the controllers are kept
high enough to maintain the stability of the system.
The output of the PV array is influenced by
the sunshine, with significant intermittency and
uncertainty, and the fuzzy control method has the
advantages of strong reasoning and robustness, which
can be applied to the energy management of
Reasonable micro grid allocation of power to
improve the utilization of photovoltaic power. Based
on the analysis of the micro grid energy management,
by a general consideration of ordinary power user
load demand,[6] the PV array output and energy
storage unit remaining power and other factors, put
forward a kind of optical storage based on the fuzzy
control system of micro grid energy management
control strategy.
Real-time optimization strategies have been
proposed in scientific publications. Most often used
the method in those strategies is model predictive
control. Other strategies also utilize reinforcement
learning, dynamic programming fuzzy logic or a
genetic algorithm. The optimization strategies use
complex descriptions on EMS and are more
challenging to implement in real-world than rule-
based strategy [7]. They also rely on the accuracy of
the models of the energy storage system used in the
optimization process. Such applications would
require real-time parameters detection to update those
models.
Electric vehicle battery can also be
considered as a mobile energy storage unit, how to
effectively use it when it is idle is a critical issue that
needs to be solved. Effective integration of electric
vehicles into the power grid as a distributed energy,
as a controllable load, can balance the demand for the
non-peak power grid. Large-scale renewable energy
grid integration has brought severe challenges to the
network while improving energy structure [8]. With
the continuous expansion of the distributed power
grid connection capacity, the control method of the
distributed power supply as an uncontrollable power
generation unit can no longer meet the requirements
of practical applications. The traditional control
method treats the energy storage system as an
uncontrollable unit and does not participate in the
Frequency Modulation and Voltage Modulation of
the micro-grid. However, with the continuous
increase in the penetration rate of distributed power
sources, their lack of inertia and the characteristics of
strong output fluctuations will jeopardize the stable
operation of the power grid [9].
The control needs to rely on the
coordination of the central controller and does not
consider the state of charge of the system energy
storage device. The virtual synchronous generator
technology can simulate the rotor equations of
generators and make the distributed power generation
system exhibit virtual inertial and damping
characteristics, and achieve equivalence with
synchronous generators in physics and mathematics.
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Studied the supporting function of the distributed
power supply accessing the micro-grid based on the
practical simultaneous machine control strategy to
improve the stability of the micro-grid [10]. Proposed
to configure the battery pack and the PV array on the
DC side, but did not clarify the control method of the
DC side components, and how to achieve the organic
combination of DC side control and VSG control.
III.PROPOSED SYSTEM
The solar system is an essential device to
produce a DC power through the PV array. The
maximum Power Point Tracking is used in this
system to observe the maximum power from the solar
panel. In the Transformative Intrinsic Algorithm
(TIA) is used to monitor the PV Array and the battery
storage system. The Bidirectional DC-DC converter
is used to convert the DC power from the Panel via
the controller, and it has given constant DC power to
the battery storage system.
Figure 2: Proposed block diagram
The battery is fully charged the controller is
cut off the charging current and also noted the
discharging current of the battery. The State of
Charge (SOC) is the primary parameter that is used in
this system for enhancing battery efficiency. This
proposed system increases the ability of the battery
and decreases the charging time of the battery storage
system, and also increase the lifetime of the cell to
maintain a constant speed of an Electrical vehicle.
In this model, the Transformative intrinsic
Algorithm (TIA) is the proposed system is balancing
and observing the maximum solar power and charge
to the battery in short duration under partial shading
condition. A Transformative intrinsic Algorithm
(TIA) is used to control the MPPT controller and
monitor the battery voltage whether it is fully
charging or not, and this system increases the
efficiency of the battery storage system. The effective
proposed scheme is analyzed and including battery
charging and discharging with different levels of
solar irradiation. The dynamo is used for generating
power in the run time of the electric vehicle system.
It will also be connected to the SOC system to
improve the efficient power stability Electrical
vehicle.
3.1 Solar Energy:
Solar energy, the radiation sun created by
the reactions of the Sun's central nucleus, provides
almost all the heat and the Earth receives, so they are
lightweight every living thing.The solar energy is
directly converted sunlight into electricity. The
output characteristic of a PV module is non-linear
depending on sunlight, cell temperature, and
especially operating point. The solar system is an
essential device to produce a DC power through the
PV array. The solar energy conversion is based on
the principle of the photovoltaic effect. When the
sunlight enters into the p-n junction, electric power is
directly generated by semiconductor effect. The solar
MPPT
DC-DC
converter
SOC
V/I
measurement
Battery
System Dynamo
Electrical
Vehicle
Solar
Energy TIA
Controller
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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cells normally consist of a single crystal silicon p-n
junction. And this solar power is utilized to store the
battery and connected to the load system.
Figure3: Solar energy
3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT):
The solar power is not an ideal energy
source. The solar cell panels can only generate power
at certain times of the day. So the most important
consideration for using solar power is to maximize
the utility of solar power while it is available. The
maximum Power Point Tracking is used in this
system to observe the maximum power from the solar
panel. PV solar systems have different configurations
about their relationship with inverter systems,
external phases, battery banks, or other electrical
loads.
Regardless of the ultimate goal of solar
power, the central problem is addressed by the MPPT
that the solar cell power swap capacity depends on
both the amount of solar light and load power
properties falling in the solar panels. The size of the
sun is variable, the ability of the system to be
optimized when the load traits can be switched to
high efficiency, resulting in greater power transfer
capabilities. This burden is called the maximum
efficiency point (MPP) attribute, and the MPPT is the
process of keeping the load attribute where this point
is found. Electric circuits present voltage loads,
voltage and other devices or systems to present
voltage loads, and can be designed to provide the
MPPT efficiency.
3.3 Dc to Dc Converter:
A conventional boost converter can
management the power flow in one direction only,
but power can flow in both the direction in the DC to
DC converter. The dc-dc converters are the device for
step-up or step-down the voltage level with the
capability of flow power in either forward directions
or backward direction. Converters work as a power
flow of DC in both the direction. In the power
generation by windmills and solar power systems,
output fluctuates because of thechanging
environmental condition.
These energy storage systems are not
reliable to feed the power as a standalone system
because of the large fluctuations in output and hence
these energy system systems are always connected
with energy storage devices such as batteries and
supercapacitors. These energy storage devices store
the surplus energy during low load demand and
provide backup in case of system failure and when
the output of energy system changes due to weather
conditions. Thus, bidirectional dc-dc converters are
needed to allow power flow in both forward and
backward the directions A conventional dc-dc
converter can be converted into a bidirectional
converter using bidirectional switch by using a diode
in anti-parallel with MOSFET or IGBT allowing
current flow in both the direction using controlled
switching operation.
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ISSN NO: 1076-5131
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Figure 4: Bidirectional dc –dc converter
3.4 State-Of-Charge (SOC) Algorithm:
As the State of Charge (SoC) is a most used
parameter, which reflects the battery execution, so
exact estimation of the SoC cannot just secure the
battery, it prevent over discharge time, and enhance
the battery life yet in addition enable the application
to make the control techniques to save the battery
power However, a battery is a chemical energy, and it
stores the energy, and this chemical energy cannot
directly store the power.
Temperature and discharge rate effects
reduce effective capacity even further. This issue
makes the implementation of the SOC of a battery
difficult. An accurate estimate of the SOC remains
very difficult to implement the system because
battery models are limited and there are parametric
uncertainties. In this case, a fully charged battery,
nearing the end of its life, could have a SOC of but it
would only have a sufficient capacity of its rated
capacity, and the adjustment factors have to be
applied to the estimated ability to compare it to its
rated new potential.
Using the current capacity rather than the
ability to be evaluated is usually a design shortcut or
compromise which allows you to avoid the
complexity of allowing age-appropriate skill
modifications. The SOC rating ceases on current
battery capacity rather than its rated capacity while
the new step is not equivalent to reducing fuel tank
capacity for vehicle life. If an accurate estimate of the
remaining charge in the battery is required the aging
and environmental factors must be taken into
account.
3. 5 Battery:
The batteries have two or more voltage cells
connected to the series to provide a standard DC
voltage in the battery's output areas. A chemical
reaction inside the cell produces the voltage.
Immersed in an electrolyte, which in the form of
electrical ions and the form of free electrons from the
charge. A voltaic battery contains two different metal
electrodes (acid or a base) that are immersed in the
electrolyte.
As a result of the immersion, he produces
separation for chemical reaction charges. The current
capacity increases the size of the larger electrode. It
produces positive electrolyte ions because the cell's
antibody in the negative terminal is considered. A
battery is a device, which consists of multiple voltaic
cells. Each voltaic cell comprises of two half cells
connected in series by a conductive electrolyte
holding anions and cations. A half-cell electrolyte
and include the electrode or negative electrode,
which means any electrode; The other half includes
cell electrolyte cations move, i.e., the cathode or
positive electrode.
+
L1
Q1
+
C1
-
Q2
-
C2
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Figure5:Battery
3.6 Electric vehicle:
An electric vehicle, also called EV, uses one
or more electric motors or traction motors. A
collector system may drive an electric vehicle by
electricity from off-vehicle sources, or a self-
contained battery, solar panels or electrical power to
convert electricity into electricity. EVs include, but
are not limited to, road vehicles, surface and
underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric
spacecraft.
When thepower of time was to provide a
level of comfort and ease that could not be achieved
through petrol cars, while motor vehicle foreclosure
was among the preferred methods.In the modern
internal combustion engines have been the dominant
propulsion method for motor vehicles, But electricity
is common to other vehicle types, such as trains and
small vehicles of all kinds.
3.7 Dynamo:
A dynamo is a generator device that creates
a direct current with the help of a commutator.
Dynamos is the first electrical power generators
capable of producing and delivering power for
application, and the foundation upon which many
another later electric power conversion of power
devices were based on electric motor, alternator-
current alternator, and rotary converter. Today, for
the simple transformer capacity, reliability and cost
reasons, large scale power dominates.
Figure 6: Power generation dynamo model
A dynamo is a mechanical commutator.
Also, the conversion of current power modification
devices (such as vacuum pumps or more than
recently via solid state technology) and effective and
usually economical to use.
IV.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 7: Circuit diagram
A solar engine is a completely or
significantly powered vehicle by direct solar power.
Generally, cells with photovoltaic (PV) solar panels
are converted into solar energy into energy. The term
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"solar vehicle" usually implies that solar energy is
used to power all or part of a vehicle's propulsion.
Solar power may also be used to provide power for
communications or controls or other auxiliary
functions.
4.1 Hardware Circuit Model
Figure 8: Hardware Simulation Output
The figure 6.2 photovoltaic maximum power
point tracking system with battery based
energy management consist of the solar
panel, PIC controller, charge control and
Relay, Battery.
Initially the solar power is connected to the
battery for providing power to the entire
circuit. During variation of the solar power
the MPPT will track the solar power and
produce the stabilize voltage with help of
buck-boost converter.
The converter is connected to the SOC (state
of charger) for providing constant voltage to
the output vehicle, during the full speed
operation ofthe motor is coupled with
dynamo is produced the stabilize voltage.
That generated voltage is provide to the
battery for additional charging purpose
through SOC circuit.
The vehicles is run either in low and high
speed operation during this period the SOC
and DC-DC converter will provide stabilize
charging power to the battery.
Hence the Free Energy and generation and
efficient vehicle operation is achieved for
the proposed model.
4.2 TABULATION OUTPUT
Hardware Specification Input
Ranges
Output
Ranges
Generating
power
Input source 0-230V 230V
Solar panel Input source 11.25v 13V
DC
Relay ON and OFF 12 V 24V
Microcontroller PIC
(16f877a)
5V DC 5V DC
Rectifier Input power 12V
AC
12V
DC
Inverter Output
power
12V
DC
12V
AC
Boost
converter
Converting
the input
supply
12VDC 24VDC
Load Motor 24v 100
RPM
4.3ADVANTAGES
Most Successful Electrochemical System
Ever Developed.
Best Balance Specific Energy, Specific
Power, Lifecycle, and Reliability.
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4.4 APPLICATION
Public Transportation, HEVs, Start Stop
System.
Back Up and Ups System.
The system of Energy Recuperation
V.CONCLUSION:
The Power Quality Analysis impact of
photovoltaic power generation on power quality in an
Electrical vehicle system. Summaries the requirement
of power quality problems caused by photovoltaic
power plant which connected in the user side. The
power quality produced by grid side combined
photovoltaic generation injecting into a battery
system, and the energy management is improved to
this regulation capability. The proposed
Transformative Intrinsic Algorithm (TIA) system is
to improve the input stability initially and SOC to
provide safety charging of battery during Run Time
operation.
VI. REFERENCES:
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3. Verma, A., & Singh, B. “Energy Management
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Station." IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
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4. Nayanatara, C., Divya, S., & Mahalakshmi, E.
K.”Micro-Grid Management Strategy with the
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of Power, Energy, Information and
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Yu, L., Cheng-Yi, H., Yu-Jun, D., & Yu-Jiao,
G. “Research Progress and Strategy on Stand-
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7. Zhou, D., GAO, F., Ravey, A., Al-Durra, A.,
&Smiles, M. G. “Online energy management
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10. Song, S., Wu, Y., Liao, B., Wang, Z., & Wei,
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