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Job Order Costing

KHALID AZIZ 0322-3385752

Learning Objective 1

Describe the building-blockconcepts of costing systems.

Building-Block Conceptsof Costing Systems

Cost object

Direct costsof a cost object

Indirect costsof a cost object

Cost Assignment

DirectCosts

IndirectCosts

Cost Tracing

Cost AllocationCost

Object

Cost pool

Cost allocation base

Distinguish between jobcosting and process costing.

Job-Costing andProcess-Costing Systems

Job-costingsystem

Process-costingsystem

Distinct unitsof a productor service

Masses of identicalor similar units of

a product or service

Outline a seven-stepapproach to job costing.

Seven-Step Approachto Job Costing

Step 1:Identify the chosen cost object.

Step 2:Identify the direct costs of the job.

Step 3:Select the cost-allocation bases.

Step 4:Identify the indirect costs.

Seven-Step Approachto Job Costing

Step 5:Compute the rate per unit.

Step 6:Compute the indirect costs.

Step 7:Compute the total cost of the job.

General Approach to Job Costing

A manufacturing company is planning to sella batch of 25 special machines (Job 650) to a

retailer for Rs114,800.Step 1:

The cost object is Job 650.Step 2:

Direct costs are: Direct materials = Rs50,000Direct manufacturing labor = Rs19,000KHALID AZIZ 0322-3385752

Step 3:The cost allocation base is machine-hours.

Job 650 used 500 machine-hours.2,480 machine-hours were used by all jobs.

Step 4:Manufacturing overhead costs were Rs65,100.

Step 5:Actual indirect cost rate is

Rs65,100 ÷ 2,480 = Rs26.25 per machine-hour.Step 6:

Rs26.25 per machine-hour × 500 hours = Rs13,125

Step 7:Direct materials Rs50,000Direct labor 19,000Factory overhead 13,125

Total Rs82,125

What is the gross margin of this job?Revenues Rs114,800Cost of goods sold 82,125Gross margin Rs 32,675What is the gross margin percentage?

Rs32,675 ÷ Rs114,800 = 28.5%

Source Documents

Job cost record

Materials requisition record

Labor time record

Distinguish actual costingfrom normal costing.

Costing Systems

Actual costing is a system that uses actualcosts to determine the cost of individual jobs.It allocates indirect costs based on the actualindirect-cost rate(s) times the actual quantity

of the cost-allocation base(s).

Costing Systems

Normal costing is a method that allocatesindirect costs based on the budgetedindirect-cost rate(s) times the actual

quantity of the cost allocation base(s).

Normal Costing

Assume that the manufacturing company budgets$60,000 for total manufacturing overhead costs

and 2,400 machine-hours.What is the budgeted indirect-cost rate?

Rs60,000 ÷ 2,400 = Rs25 per hourHow much indirect cost was allocated to Job 650?

500 machine-hours × Rs25 = Rs12,500KHALID AZIZ 0322-3385752

Normal Costing

What is the cost of Job 650 under normal costing?Direct materials Rs50,000Direct labor 19,000Factory overhead 12,500

Total Rs81,500

Track the flow of costsin a job-costing system.

Transactions

Purchase of materials and other manufacturing inputs

Conversion into work in process inventory

Conversion into finished goods inventory

Sale of finished goodsKHALID AZIZ 0322-3385752

Transactions

Rs80,000 worth of materials (direct andindirect) were purchased on credit.

MaterialsControl

1. 80,000 1. 80,000

Accounts PayableControl

Transactions

Materials costing Rs75,000 were sent to themanufacturing plant floor.

Rs50,000 were issued to Job No. 650 andRs10,000 to Job 651.

Rs15,000 of indirect materials were issued.What is the journal entry?

Transactions

Work in Process Control:Job No. 650 50,000Job No. 651 10,000Factory Overhead Control 15,000

Materials Control 75,000

Transactions

Materials Control

1. 80,000 2. 75,000

Work in ProcessControl

2. 60,000

Manufacturing Overhead

Control2. 15,000

Job 6502. 50,000

Transactions

Total manufacturing payroll forthe period was Rs27,000.

Job No. 650 incurred direct labor costsof Rs19,000 and Job No. 651 incurred

direct labor costs of Rs3,000.Rs5,000 of indirect labor was also incurred.

What is the journal entry?KHALID AZIZ 0322-3385752

Transactions

Work in Process Control:Job No. 650 19,000Job No. 651 3,000Manufacturing Overhead Control 5,000

Wages Payable 27,000

TransactionsWages Payable

Control3. 27,000

2. 60,0003. 22,000

Manufacturing Overhead

Control2. 15,0003. 5,000

Job 6502. 50,0003. 19,000

Transactions

Wages payable were paid.

Wages PayableControl

4. 27,000 4. 27,000

CashControl

Wages Payable Control 27,000Cash Control 27,000

3. 27,000

Transactions

Assume that depreciation for theperiod is Rs26,000.

Other manufacturing overheadincurred amounted to Rs19,100.

What is the journal entry?

Transactions

Manufacturing Overhead Control 45,100Accumulated DepreciationControl 26,000Various Accounts 19,100

What is the balance of the ManufacturingOverhead Control account?

Transactions

Rs62,000 of overhead was allocated to thevarious jobs of which Rs12,500 went to Job 650.Work in Process Control 62,000

Manufacturing Overhead Control 62,000What are the balances of the control accounts?

Transactions

Manufacturing OverheadControl

2. 15,0003. 5,0005. 45,100Bal. 3,100

2. 60,0003. 22,0006. 62,000Bal. 144,000

6. 62,000

Transactions

The cost of Job 650 is:

Job 6502. 50,0003. 19,0006. 12,500Bal. 81,500

Transactions

Jobs costing Rs104,000 were completed andtransferred to finished goods, including Job 650.

What effect does this have on the control accounts?

Transactions

Finished GoodsControl

2. 60,0003. 22,0006. 62,000Bal. 40,000

7. 104,0007. 104,000

Transactions

Job 650 was sold for Rs114,800.What is the journal entry?

Accounts Receivable Control 114,800Revenues 114,800

Cost of Goods Sold 81,500Finished Goods Control 81,500

Transactions

What is the balance in the Finished GoodsControl account?

Rs104,000 – Rs81,500 = Rs22,500Assume that marketing and administrative

salaries were Rs9,000 and Rs10,000.What is the journal entry?

Transactions

Marketing and Administrative Costs 19,000Salaries Payable Control 19,000

Transactions

Direct Materials Used Rs60,000

Direct Labor and Overhead Rs84,000

Ending WIP Inventory Rs40,000

Cost of Goods Manufactured Rs104,000–=

Transactions

Cost of Goods Manufactured Rs104,000

Ending Finished Goods Inventory Rs22,500

Cost of Goods Sold Rs81,500=–

Account for end-of-periodunderallocated or overallocated

indirect costs usingalternative methods.

End-Of-Period Adjustments

Underallocated indirect costsOverallocated indirect costs

ManufacturingOverhead Control Bal. 65,100

ManufacturingOverhead Applied

Bal. 62,000

How was the allocated overhead determined?2,480 machine-hours × Rs25 budgeted rate = Rs62,000

Rs65,100 – Rs62,000 =Rs$3,100 (underallocated)

Actual manufacturing overhead costs of Rs65,100are more than the budgeted amount of Rs60,000.

Actual machine-hours of 2,480 are more thanthe budgeted amount of 2,400 hours.

Approaches to disposing underallocatedor overallocated overhead:

1. Adjusted allocation rate approach2. Proration approaches3. Immediate write-off to Cost of Goods Sold approach

Adjusted AllocationRate Approach

Actual manufacturing overhead (Rs65,100)exceeds manufacturing overhead allocated

(Rs62,000) by 5%.3,100 ÷ 62,000 = 5%

Actual manufacturing overhead rate is Rs26.25per machine-hour (Rs65,100 ÷ 2,480) rather

than the budgeted Rs25.00.KHALID AZIZ 0322-3385752

Adjusted AllocationRate Approach

The manufacturing company could increasethe manufacturing overhead allocated to

each job by 5%.Manufacturing overhead allocated to Job 650

under normal costing is Rs12,500.Rs12,500 × 5% = Rs625

Rs12,500 + Rs625 = Rs13,125, which equalsactual manufacturing overhead.

Proration Approach

Basis to prorate under- or overallocated overhead:– total amount of manufacturing overhead

allocated (before proration)– ending balances of Work in Process, Finished

Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold

Proration Approach “A”

Assume the following manufacturingoverhead component of year-end

balances (before proration):Work in Process Rs23,500 38%

Finished Goods 26,000 42%Cost of Goods Sold 12,500 20%

Total Rs62,000 100%

Proration Approach “A”

Manufacturing Overhead Finished Goods 65,100 62,000 22,500 3,100 1,302 0 23,802 Cost of Goods Sold Work in Process 81,500 40,000 620 1,178 82,120 41,178

Proration Approach “B”

Ending balances of Work in Process,Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold

Work in Process Rs 40,000 28%Finished Goods 22,500 16%Cost of Goods Sold 81,500 56%Total Rs144,000 100%

Proration Approach “B”

Manufacturing Overhead Finished Goods 65,100 62,000 22,500 3,100 496 0 22,996 Cost of Goods Sold Work in Process 81,500 40,000 1,736 868 83,236 40,868

Immediate Write-off to Cost ofGoods Sold Approach

Manufacturing Overhead 65,100 62,000 3,100 0 Cost of Goods Sold 81,500 3,100 84,600KHALID AZIZ 0322-3385752

Apply variations fromnormal costing.

Variations of Normal Costing

Home Health budget includes the following:Total direct labor costs: Rs400,000

Total indirect costs: Rs96,000 Total direct (professional) labor-hours: 16,000

What is the budgeted direct labor cost rate?Rs400,000 ÷ 16,000 = Rs25

What is the budgeted indirect cost rate?Rs96,000 ÷ 16,000 = Rs6

Suppose a patient uses 25 direct labor-hours.Assuming no other direct costs, what is the

cost to Home Health?Direct labor: 25 hours × Rs25= Rs625

Indirect costs: 25 hours × Rs 6 = 150Total Rs775

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