Post on 08-Jan-2018
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John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State
The practice, especially in international politics, of seeking advantage by creating the impression that one is willing and able to push a highly dangerous situation to the limit rather than concede
Proposed by DullesBased on a threat of massive
retaliation
Kept peace by promising to use all its force, including Nukes.
“Going to the brink, or edge of war”
US increased air force Massive production of
Nuclear Weapons
Began the arms race when the USSR answered
Caused large fear of Communist attack for the next 30 years
Iran and Guatemala
1953 – CIA persuaded Shah to replace P.M. People remained loyal to Shah, P.M. fled Constitutional Monarch – Authoritarian US gained 40% of Iranian oil fields
Felt Guatemalan gov. had communists sympathies Gave 200,000 acres US
owned land to peasants CIA’s actions:
Psychological attacks Propaganda campaign trained an army to invade
and capture head of gov. and his forces
Army’s leader became dictator
4 decades of instability and civil war in Guatemala
U.S. Soviet relations thawed after Stalin’s death in 1953 Soviets recognized West
Germany, but formed Warsaw Pact
Geneva Conference, July 1955 First meeting since WW2 “Open Skies” proposal
rejected▪ Guard against surprise attack▪ Soviets viewed as US trick to
learn weapon whereabouts No specific accomplishments,
but viewed by World as movement towards peace
Soviet Prime Minister Nikolai A.Bulganin, US-President Dwight D. Eisenhower, French
Prime Minister Edgar Faure and British Prime Minister Anthony Eden
USSR, Egypt’s ally, threatened missiles
US warned it would not tolerate such action
UN imposed a cease-fire in Nov. Canal reopened but under
Egyptian management Soviet prestige rose in Middle East
US would defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country.
Congress approved it
Gave president authority at his discretion to use American forces to protect Middle East.
April 1957 - help was given to King Hussein who was under threat from left-wing groups in Jordan.
1958 - 10,000 marines went to the Lebanon to protect President Camille Chamoun from Muslim extremists.
Created a great deal of anti-Americanism in the Middle East
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1960)
1959 decided that Eisenhower Doctrine should be brought to an end.
Khrushchev’s open criticism of Stalin’s crimes against the people ushered in 2 thoughts: Is Soviet becoming less oppressive? Can we break away from Soviet control?
US sent aid for food and meds, send aid to UN for refugees, accepted refugees, but sent No Military aid – embittered many Hungarians
US thought it was ahead of USSR in military technology Had nuke warheads that could be accurate at 1,500 to 3,000 miles
USSR launched first satellite October 4, 1957 Increased US fears of nuclear attack felt US falling behind in science/tech Change in US school systems improvement in Math, Science, Languages
First attempt was HUGE failure named “Flopnik” or “Stayputnik”
January 31, 1958 US launched first satellite successfully
Now race to build better weapons-delivery systems and satellites were on
At Geneva Summit in 1955, Eisenhower put forth an “open skies policy” policy USSR rejected it
US still flew “U-2” planes over USSR to take pictures
By 1960, Eisenhower wanted to discontinue program b/c wasn’t really a secret anymore
Eisenhower feared it may jeopardize effectiveness with new USSR leader, Khruschev
Was talked into one more U2 flight by Dulles/CIA
US thought at first Plane was taken down by a Soviet SAM-2 Missile.
US lied about U2 mission USSR lied about what actually happened
to make missile defenses look better Khrushchev felt incident made him look
bad, denounced US at next summit Eisenhower no longer effective as a
peacemaker Hope for nuclear test ban treaty was gone
1960s opened with tensions as high as ever