Post on 23-Feb-2016
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Johnson’s Reconstruction• Southern states were
pardoned• Whites dominated politics
and society• Quickly rewrote state
constitutions• Violent riots against African
Americans in southern and northern cities
• South enacted Black Codes.
Black Codes• Laws limiting the rights and
freedoms of Freedmen– Curfew laws– Vagrancy – freedmen must
work– Labor contracts – yearly
contracts that restricted labor options
– Living restrictions – could not rent a place to live in cities, only rent in rural areas
• What is the overall effect of Black Codes?
Radical Republican Reconstruction• Radical Republicans and
moderate republicans controlled Congress– Didn’t like Johnson’s
reconstruction plans– Passed many laws over Johnson’s
veto– Controlled reconstruction from
1867 to mid 1870’s• Passed three main actions
– Reconstruction Act of 1867– 14th amendment– 15th amendment
Reconstruction Act• Military rule in the South• Southern states had to create
new state constitutions• All qualified men could vote,
including Freedmen– Banned those men who supported
the Confederacy• Southern states had to ratify the
14th amendment and guarantee equal rights to all citizens• What effect do you
think this act will have on the South?
Effects of the Reconstruction Act• More freedmen voted in the south and fewer whites voted
– Helped by the 15th amendment • Many of the delegates at state constitutional conventions
were black or republican– Many new state constitutions gave civil rights, public schools,
public offices to all classes of people• Many African Americans were elected to state government
positions and congress– Senate refused to seat P.B.S. Pinchback –a black senator from
Louisiana
Hiram Revels
Reconstruction• Andrew Johnson was impeached,
but not removed from office– Partisan act – no real wrong doing– No power to stop radical
republican reconstruction• Ulysses Grant is elected
president in 1868– Puppet to radical republicans
• Carpetbagger came from the north to try and prosper in the south– Most were honest and educated– Took advantage of the political
and economic state of the south• Scalawags – southern white
republicans – viewed as traders
“New South”Main Concept:
The opportunity for freedmen was tied to land– Policies to give freedmen land were
unpopular– Few freedmen could afford land– Few whites would sell or rent land to
freedmenPlantation owners had land but no labor,
and freedmen had labor but no land.– Sharecropping was the result
Sharecropping – Cycle of Debt
Poor whites and freedmen have no money to buy land
Sign contracts to work landlord’s land for part of
the crop
Sharecroppers incur debt for
housing and food
At harvest, the sharecropper
owes more than the crop is worth
Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as
the debt remains
Effects of Sharecropping• More poor whites were harvesting cotton –
considered slave work• Cash crops in the south increased– Cotton, tobacco, sugarcane– Imported food – northern farmers
• Cycle of debt continues to grow– 1 in 20 black families owned land
• Merchant class rises– Stores open to sell farming goods to sharecroppers– Many owned by the landlords
Sharecropping Map
Effects of ReconstructionPositive• Railroads expanded• Cities grew• Industry grew – mostly
unfinished products• Rebuilt infrastructure –
dams, roads, canals, etc
Negative• Corruption with
government contracts• Paid for by southern
taxes• Rise of the Ku Klux Klan
– Used terror tactics to keep African Americans in a submissive role
End of ReconstructionCauses
1. People thought that reconstruction was the cause of corruption in the government
2. Economic downturn of 1873 – disliked the taxing and spending– Federal troops begin to return north
• More violence against African Americans• Less African American suffrage• More white control of politics in south
3. Supreme Court weakens the federal governments ability to enforce the 14th amendment
4. Solid South is formed - democratic5. Compromise of 1877 – Hayes (Republican) wins the
presidency, but all reconstruction ends