Journal:

• Describe in detail a time when you “snapped”. Include the events leading up to the moment of losing it and how it all ended.

Theory on why revolutions happen• J-Curve Hypothesis

Expected satisfaction of needs and wants

Actual satisfaction of needs and wants

An intolerable gap between what people want and what they get

Time

Revolution occurs at this point

continue• Revolutions are more likely to occur

after a long period of social and economic development, followed by a sharp downturn. The people’s view of conditions, their expectations, are more important than the actual conditions or state of development. The gap between reality and expectations creates a loss of confidence. When frustrations develop that are intense and widespread, they are released through violent action.

The Next “Logical” Step

EnlightenmentStart to question

Revolution

Absolutism

“Don’t question

us or else”

“…hmmm

…”

“We’re not gonna take it – No we

ain’t gonna take it!”

The World Turned Upside Down

‘

It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…

-- Charles Dickens-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities

1. Long Term Causes – The Old Regime

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

The French Urban The French Urban PoorPoor

a Urban Commoner’sUrban Commoner’sBudget:Budget:

– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

2. The Immediate Cause

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Let Them Eat Cake! Let Them Eat Cake!

Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!

Y ““Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”

Y ““The Austrian Whore”The Austrian Whore”

2. The Immediate Cause• King’s Budget:King’s Budget:

– Interest 50%Interest 50%

• Army 25%Army 25%

• Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was Last time it was called into session was 1614!1614!

The Suggested Voting The Suggested Voting Pattern:Pattern:

Voting by EstatesVoting by EstatesClergy1st Estate

Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Commoners3rd Estate

11

1

Louis XIV insisted that Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.three orders be conserved in its entirety.

• Each estate is represented but…– 1st=300 reps=1 vote (2% of pop.)– 2nd=300 reps=1 vote (2% of pop.)– 3rd=600 reps=1 vote (96% 0f pop.)

““The Third Estate The Third Estate Awakens”Awakens”

Y The commoners finally presented their The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”

Y They proclaimed themselves the They proclaimed themselves the “National “National Assembly”Assembly” of France. of France.

““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”

by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

3. The Storming of the BastilleStorming the Bastille, Storming the Bastille, July July

14, 178914, 1789Y A rumor that the king was planning a military A rumor that the king was planning a military

coup against the National Assembly.coup against the National Assembly.Y 18 died.18 died.

Y 73 wounded.73 wounded.

Y 7 guards 7 guards killed.killed.

Y It held 7 It held 7 prisoners prisoners [5 ordinary [5 ordinary criminals & 2 criminals & 2 madmen].madmen].

The Great Fear: The Great Fear: Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt

(July 20, 1789)(July 20, 1789)

Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristosaristos] ] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.and pillage their land.

The The PathPath

of theof the“Great“GreatFear”Fear”

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizenthe CitizenAugust 26, August 26,

17891789

V Liberty!Liberty!

V Equality!Equality!

V FraternityFraternity

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

Citizen!Citizen!

The Tricolor is the The Tricolor is the Fashion!Fashion!

The “Liberty Cap”: The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne RougeBonne Rouge

Revolutionary SymbolsRevolutionary Symbols

Revolutionary Playing Revolutionary Playing CardsCards

• Economy’s broke, No Flow• Louis the king’s all like “Yo?”• “Help me out my French bro’s!”• Estates General has the Go• 1st time in 175 years, don’t ya know?• It’s unfairly represented, though• So…• National Assembly is Fo’med• Louis responds, “Hells no!”• Then comes the Tennis Court Oath• Louis agrees, then says “D’Oh”• Orders troops to settle the sco’ (score)• The people react, Bastille is no mo’ (more)• The Great Fear comes over the po’ (poor)• Causes some major refo’ms (reforms)• Is it enough to make happy the common folk?

4. Radicalism• Extreme Change Towards a

completely new society

• Moderate change is not fast enough

• Push towards equality and freedom

• Use of violence to achieve objectives

4. Radicalism

Louis XVI as a Louis XVI as a PigPig

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)c The trial of the king The trial of the king

was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache Tuilieres of a cache of documents.of documents.

c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.

c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.

Marie Antoinette as a Marie Antoinette as a SerpentSerpent

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

5. The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre

Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of

the day!the day!

c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.

c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 20,000!was over 20,000!

Oh, thou charming guillotine, Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens;You shorten kings and queens;

By your influence divine,By your influence divine,We have re-conquered our rights.We have re-conquered our rights.

Come to aid of the CountryCome to aid of the CountryAnd let your superb instrumentAnd let your superb instrument

Become forever permanentBecome forever permanentTo destroy the impious sect.To destroy the impious sect.

Sharpen your razor for Pitt and Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agentshis agents

Fill your divine sack with heads of Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants.tyrants.

The Guillotine:The Guillotine:An “Enlightenment An “Enlightenment

Tool”?Tool”?

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!

• An attempt by the Radicals to re order society based on quasi-enlightenment principles

• Destroy any remaining remnants of the Old Regime, namely the 1st and second estates

• Accomplished through De-Christianization & the creation of a new religion

6. The Republic of Virtue

6. The Republic of Virtue

New Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire

Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

The New Republican CalendarThe New Republican Calendar

The “Temple of Reason”The “Temple of Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,

Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.

The Festival of The Festival of Supreme BeingSupreme Being

A new secular holidayA new secular holiday

7. The Directory and Rise of Napoleon • Period of 5

years of recovery from the “Terror” and corruption

• Ends with Napoleon’s Coup' d'état

8. Conclusion of the Revolution