Post on 28-Mar-2015
transcript
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
1
REMANTA REsearch program on Micro Aerial vehicle
and New Technologies Application
Brieuc DANET(Brieuc.Danet@onera.fr)
4th European Micro-UAV Meeting
Toulouse, 15th September 2004
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
2
1. Objectives of the Research Program
2. Topic 1 : Experimental Aerodynamics
3. Topic 2 : Flight Mechanics and Control
4. Topic 3 : Materials, Structures, Actuators
5. Continuation of the Project
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
3
1. Objectives
Objective: Feasability and interest of a flapping-wing MAV
Caracteristics of the vehicle:
• Small size : wing span < 15 cm
• Mass ~ 100 g
• Ability of stationary flight
• Large autonomy
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
4
1. Objectives
Biomimetism
Understand the phenomena that permit animals to fly
Find accurate technical solutions
Copying nature is not the right way(multipurpose aspect of parts of the body)
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
5
1. Objectives
Scientific and technological challenge:
Low Reynolds aerodynamics Numerous complex unsteady phenomena (dynamic stall, wake capture)
Control and command of wing kinematics in cruise, stationary Unusual flight dynamics flights and manoeuvers
Huge influence of mass Light materials Flexible structures Aeroelasticity High frequency sollicitations Accurate actuators
Large interactions between the domains
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
6 Topic # 1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
7
2 objectives:
- qualitative: observe and describe to understand phenomena
Visualizations of aerodynamic flows
- quantitative: correlate wing kinematics with sustentation and propulsion to feed models with empiric data
Measurements of aerodynamic forces and torques
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
8
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Experiments in the air:
- Uneasy visualizations- Inertial forces >> Aerodynamic forces i.e. difficult analysis of measures
Experiments in water with conservation of :
Reynolds number ( )
and reduced frequency ( )
Uc
Re
fc
f *
airwaterairwater ffUU ,
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
9
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Facilities
Lille: Water Tank
- Section H1.5m x W1.5m x L25m
- V (moving platform) = 0.1 to 1 m/s
- Injection of dyed liquid.
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
10
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Facilities
Toulouse: Water Tunnel
- max Flow rate 20 l/s (slaved)
- Section up to H500xP600 (V=13 cm/s)
- Slaved and controlled dyed liquid injection (flow rate and position)
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
11
Testing conditions
• Re ~ 104 - 105
• NACA 0012 Profile (not optimal but well documented)
• Realization of a coupled mechanism 2D : plunging and pitching
3D : flapping and pitching
• Application: cruise flight
• Measurements: - 5 components balance (no axial component) for measurement of forces and torques and evaluations of Cx, Cz,…- Image acquisition. Laser Tomography
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
12
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
2D Mechanism
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
13
3D Mechanism
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
14
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Mechanism installed on the wall
Coupled Mechanism
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
15
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
2 testing campaigns (2003 & 2004): More than 800 tests (3D and quasi-2D)
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
16
Results
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
17
2. Topic #1: Experimental Aerodynamics
Visualizations
f = 0.5 Hz ; U = 0 m/s f = 0.5 Hz ; U = 0.25 m/s
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
18 Topic # 2: Flight Mechanics and Control
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
19
3. Topic #2: Flight Mechanics and Control
Unusual Flight Mechanics
• Model based on the flight analysis of insects and birds
• Cruise and hovering flights
• Linear model + unsteady effects (Dynamic delayed stall, etc)
• Use of aerodynamic data issued from experiments (open literature and ONERA )
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
20 Topic # 3: Materials, Structures, Actuators
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
21
4. Topic #3: Materials, Structures, Actuators
- Selection, elaboration and characterization of light materials (composites carbon/epoxy)
- Modelization of structures under high frequency requests with aero coupling
- Search of actuators adapted to kinematics
Concepts inspired by nature
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
22
4. Topic #3: Materials, Structures, Actuators
Light MaterialsTerphane 29 m
Composite T300/914
Total Mass: 0,6 g
60 m
m
60 mm
frequency : 30 Hzdistance between supports : 10 mmdeformation : +/- 0,1 or 0,2 or 0,4 mm
Flexion tests :
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
23
4. Topic #3: Materials, Structures, Actuators
Structures
Rotation axisFlapping articulation
Pitching articulation
WingCalage
Assumptions:
• ROTOR code (D. Petot)
• 3D mechanism
• Rotation simulates forward flight
• Decoupled joints
• Classical aerodynamic
• Rigid Wing
• Low Mass
• fondamental beat frequency : 8 Hz
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
24
4. Topic #3: Materials, Structures, Actuators
Actuators• Dynamical model “at resonance”
• non-linear model
• behavior of actuators - active behavior - elastic and inertial behavior
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
25
Continuation of the Project (work for 2005)
• Numerical aerodynamics : Different approaches are now in progress : NS, LES
- NS 2D- Adaptative grid- Re = 1000- U = 1m/s- c = 2 cm
Stc = 0.8 (f = 40 Hz) Stc = 0.4 (f = 20 Hz)
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
26
Continuation of the Project (work for 2005)
• Experimental aerodynamics: - A second mechanism to widen the range of kinematic parameters (hovering flight)- Visualization of the flows
• Implementation of flight mechanics and aeroelasticity with unsteady models
Jour
nées
mic
rodr
one
- O
NE
RA
– S
epte
mbr
e 20
04
D
iapo
N°
27
Contacts:
• Management:Agnès Luc-Bouhali (Agnes.Luc-Bouhali@onera.fr)
• Flight Mechanics and Control:
Laurent Planckaert (Laurent.Planckaert@onera.fr)
• Aerodynamics:
Jean-Bernard Paquet (Jean-Bernard.Paquet@onera.fr)
• Materials, Structures, Actuators:
Daniel Osmont (Daniel.Osmont@onera.fr)