KineticsChapter 15E-mail: benzene4president@gmail.com

Web-site: http://clas.sa.ucsb.edu/staff/terri/

Kinetics – ch 15

1. The average rate of disappearance of ozone in the reaction

2 O3(g) → 3 O2(g)

is found to be 8.9 × 10–3 atm/min. What is the rate of appearance of O2 during this interval?

Kinetics – ch 15

2. The rate law for the following reaction2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

was experimentally found to be in the form: rate=k[NO]x[O2]y

It was also found that when the NO concentration was doubled, the rate of the reaction increases by a factor of 4. In addition, when both the O2 and the NO concentration were doubled, the rate increases by a factor of 8. What is the reaction order of O2?

Kinetics – ch 15

3. Consider the following reaction: A + 3 B 2 C

a. The following data was collected for this reaction at 25C. What is the rate law?

b. What is the overall order for the reaction?

c. Calculate the rate constant?

d. What is the rate for experiment 4?

Experiment [A]0 [B]0 Initial Rate (M/s)

1 0.0019 0.031 0.141

2 0.0019 0.0031 0.0141

3 0.019 0.031 14.10

4 0.65 0.24 ?

Kinetics – ch 154. Given the following data for the reaction:

2 A + B 2 CDetermine the rate law, the rate constant and the missing concentrations.

Experiment Initial [A] Initial [B] Initial Rate (M/min)

1 0.15 0.72 0.00084

2 0.15 0.36 0.00021

3 0.60 0.36 0.00021

4 0.85 ? 0.0046

Kinetics – ch 15

5. Consider the following reaction:

Cl2 (g) + CHCl3 (g) HCl (g) + CCl4 (g)

The rate law for this reaction has been observed to be:

Rate = k[Cl2]1/2[CHCl3]

What are the units of the rate constant assuming time in seconds?

Kinetics – ch 15

6. What would you have to plot in order to get a straight line for the following:

a. Zero order

b. First order

c. Second order

Kinetics – ch 157. Consider the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide:

2 NO2 2 NO + O2 Rate = k[NO2]2 a. What is the integrated rate law?

b. A plot of 1/[NO2] verses time yielded a straight line with a slope of 1.8 x 10-3 Lmol-1s-1 at 500 K. If the initial concentration is 1.2 M, how long will it take for the [NO2] to decrease by 38%?

Kinetics – ch 15

8. The thermal decomposition of phosphine (PH3) into phosphorus and hydrogen is a first order reaction. The half-life for this reaction is 35 sec at 680C.

a. Calculate the time required for 95% of the phosphine to decompose.

b. What percentage of phosphine reacted after 78 seconds?c. What is the concentration of the hydrogen after 78 s if you started with 0.86M PH3?

Kinetics – ch 15

9. What happens to the half-lives for zero, first and second order?

a. Get longer

b. Get shorter

c. Stays constant

What is the 3rd half-life for a second order reaction with k = 0.22 hr-1M-1

with an initial concentration of 12 M.

Kinetics – ch 15

10. For the reaction A products, successive half-lives are observed to be 20.0, 10.0, and 5.0 min for an experiment in which [A]0 = 0.1 M. What is the concentration of A at 38.0 min?

Kinetics – ch 15

11. Consider two reaction vessels, one containing A and the other containing B, with equal initial concentrations. If both substances decompose by first-order kinetics where ka = 4.5 x 10-4 s-1 and kb = 3.7 x 10-3 s-1; how much time must pass to reach a condition such that [A] = 4.00[B]?

Kinetics – ch 1512. The rate of the reaction

O + NO2 NO + O2

was studied at a certain temperature.a. In one experiment, [NO2] was in large excess at a concentration of 1.0 x 1013 molecules/cm3 when the following data collected. What is the order with respect to the oxygen atoms?b. The reaction is known to be first order with respect to NO2. Determine the overall rate law and the rate constant.

Time (s)

[O] (atoms/cm3)

0 5.0 x 109

1.0 x 10-2 1.9 x 109

2.0 x 10-2 6.8 x 108

3.0 x 10-2 2.5 x 108

Kinetics – ch 1513. Given the following mechanism:

H2O2 H2O + O

O + CF2Cl2 ClO + CF2Cl

ClO + O3 Cl + 2 O2

Cl + CF2Cl CF2Cl2

a. Write the overall equation for the reaction?b. Identify the reaction intermediates.c. Identify the catalyst.

Kinetics – ch 15

14. Write the overall reaction, identify any intermediates and derive a rate law given the following reaction mechanism:

Cl2 ⇌ 2 Cl (fast equilibrium)

Cl + CHCl3 HCl + CCl3 (slow)

Cl + CCl3 CCl4 (fast)

Kinetics – ch 1515. The following mechanism is proposed for the reduction of NO3

- by MoCl6

2-: MoCl6

2-k1

k-1MoCl5

- + Cl-

NO3- + MoCl5

- k2 OMoCl5- + NO2

-

a. What is the intermediate?b. Derive an expression for the rate law (rate = d[NO2

-]/dt) for the overall reaction using steady-state approximation.

Kinetics – ch 15

16. The forward activation energy for an elementary step is 42 kJ/mol and the reverse activation energy is 32 kJ/mol. Calculate E for the step.

Kinetics – ch 15

17. The rate constants of a certain second-order reaction are

3.20x10-2/Ms at 24C and 0.945 /Ms at 150C.

a. Calculate the activation energy for this reaction.

b. What is the rate constant at 100C?

Kinetics – ch 15

18. The activation energy for the reaction

H2 (g) + I2 (g) → 2 HI (g)

is changed from 184 kJ/mol to 59.0 kJ/mol both at 600. K by the introduction of a Pt catalyst. Calculate the ratio of the catalyzed rate constant to the un-catalyzed rate constant. Assume A is constant.

Kinetics – ch 15

You have completed ch. 15

Ch 15 – Answer Key

1. The average rate of disappearance of ozone in the reaction

2 O3(g) → 3 O2(g)

is found to be 8.9 × 10–3 atm/min. What is the rate of appearance of O2 during this interval? 8.9 × 10–3 atm/min = 1.33 x 10-2 atm/min

Ch 15 – Answer Key2. The rate law for the following reaction

2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) was experimentally found to be in the form: rate=k[NO]x[O2]y

It was also found that when the NO concentration was doubled, the rate of the reaction increases by a factor of 4. In addition, when both the O2 and the NO concentration were doubled, the rate increases by a factor of 8. What is the reaction order of O2? k is always constant and if O2 is also constant the rate law becomes ⇒ rate α [NO]x ⇒ 4 α 2x ⇒ x = 2 now if O2 is not constant the rate law is rate α [NO]2[O2]y ⇒ 8 α [2]2[2]y y = 1⇒

Ch 15 – Answer Key3. Consider the following reaction: A + 3 B 2 C

a. The following data was collected for this reaction at 25C. What is the rate law?

b. What is the overall order for the reaction?

c. Calculate the rate constant?

d. What is the rate for experiment 4?

a. Looking at expts 1 and 2 the conc of⇒A is constant = ⇒ ⇒

=x x = 1 Looking at expts 1 and 3 the conc. of B is constant⇒ ⇒ ⇒

⇒ = =⇒y y = 2 rate law is rate=[A]⇒ ⇒ 2[B]1

Ch 15 – Answer Key3. continued

b. 3

c. since rate=[A]2[B]1 using data from expt 1 ⇒ ⇒0.141M/s=k(0.0019M)2(0.031M) k = 1.26x10⇒ 6 M-2s-1

d. since rate=[A]2[B]1 rate=(1.26x10⇒ 6 M-2s-1)(0.65M) 2(0.24M)= 1.28x105M/s

Ch 15 – Answer Key4. Given the following data for the reaction:

2 A + B 2 CDetermine the rate law, the rate constant and the missing concentrations.

Using expts 1 and 2

=x x=2⇒

Using expts 2 and 3

=y y=0⇒

So the rate law rate = k[B]⇒ 2

Using expt 1 0.00084M/min = k(0.72M)⇒ 2 k = 0.00162M⇒ -1min-1

For expt 4 0.0046M/min = (0.00162M⇒ -1min-1)[B]2 [B] = 1.68M⇒

Ch 15 – Answer Key5. Consider the following reaction:

Cl2 (g) + CHCl3 (g) HCl (g) + CCl4 (g)

The rate law for this reaction has been observed to be:

Rate = k[Cl2]1/2[CHCl3]

What are the units of the rate constant assuming time in seconds?

units for k = t-1M1-overall order

The overall order for this reaction is 1.5 the units for k s⇒ ⇒ -1M-0.5

Ch 15 – Answer Key6. What would you have to plot in order to get a straight line for the following:

a. Zero order conc. vs time k = -slope⇒ ⇒b. First order ln(conc.) vs time k = -slope⇒ ⇒c. Second order 1/conc. vs time k = slope⇒ ⇒

Ch 15 – Answer Key7. Consider the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide:

2 NO2 2 NO + O2 Rate = k[NO2]2 a. What is the integrated rate law? 2nd order ⇒b. A plot of 1/[NO2] verses time yielded a straight line with a slope of 1.8 x 10-3 Lmol-1s-1 at 500 K. If the initial concentration is 1.2 M, how long will it take for the [NO2] to decrease by 38%? for 2nd order k = slope

[A] = 1.2M and if A has decreased by 38% there’s 62% left so

[A]0 = (1.2M)(0.62) = 0.744M ⇒ t = 284s

Ch 15 – Answer Key8. The thermal decomposition of phosphine (PH3) into phosphorus and

hydrogen is a first order reaction. The half-life for this reaction is 35 sec at 680C.

a. Calculate the time required for 95% of the phosphine to decompose.

for 1st order reactions t⇒ 1/2 =0.693/k k = 0.693/35s k = 0.0198s-1⇒ ⇒

if 95% has decomposed there’s 5% left

ln(5) = -(0.0198)(t) + ln(100) t = 151s⇒NOTE %s can only be used in 1⇒ st order rate laws

b. What percentage of phosphine reacted after 78 seconds?

ln[A] = -(0.0198)(78s) + ln(100) [A] = 21.3 21.3% remains so 78.7% ⇒ ⇒reacted

Ch 15 – Answer Key8. continued

c. What is the concentration of the hydrogen after 78 s if you started with 0.86M PH3? the balanced reaction is

2 PH3 2 P + 3 H2

2 PH3 2 P 3 H2

0.86 0 0

-(0.86)(0.787) +(0.86)(0.787) +(3/2)(0.86)(0.787)

0.18 0.677 1.02

from part b78.7% reacts after 78 s

molar ratio fromcoefficients

Ch 15 – Answer Key9. What happens to the half-lives for zero, first and second order?

a. Get longer 2⇒ nd order

b. Get shorter zero order⇒c. Stays constant 1⇒ st order

What is the 3rd half-life for a second order reaction with k = 0.22 hr-1M-1 with an initial concentration of 12 M. the first half-life t⇒ ½ =

t½ = =0.379 hr each successive half-life is 2x the preceded⇒

so the 3rd half-life is 4x the 1st half-life or 1.52 hr

Ch 15 – Answer Key10. For the reaction A products, successive half-lives are observed to be 20.0, 10.0, and 5.0 min for an experiment in which [A]0 = 0.1 M. What is the concentration of A at 38.0 min? Since the half-life times is getting shorter ⇒zero order

Use the half-life to get k t⇒ ½ = 20min = k = 0.0025min⇒ ⇒ -1M-1

Use the zero order integrated rate law [A]=-kt+[A]⇒ 0 ⇒

[A]=-(0.0025min-1M-1)(38min) + (0.1M)

[A]=0.005M

Ch 15 – Answer Key11. Consider two reaction vessels, one containing A and the other containing B, with equal initial concentrations. If both substances decompose by first-order kinetics where ka = 4.5 x 10-4 s-1 and kb = 3.7 x 10-3 s-1; how much time must pass to reach a condition such that [A] = 4.00[B]?

since they are both 1st order ln[A]=-k⇒ at + ln[A]0 and ln[B] = -kbt + ln[B]0 since they have the same initial concentrations ln[A] + k⇒ ⇒ at = ln[B] + kbt

since [A]=4[B] ln4[B] + k⇒ at = ln[B] + kbt ln4 = k⇒ bt – kat ⇒

ln4 = t(3.7 x 10-3 s-1 - 4.5 x 10-4 s-1 ) t = 427s⇒

Ch 15 – Answer Key12. The rate of the reaction

O + NO2 NO + O2

was studied at a certain temperature.a. In one experiment, [NO2] was in large excess at a concentration of 1.0 x 1013 molecules/cm3 when the following data collected. What is the order with respect to the oxygen atoms?b. The reaction is known to be first order with respect to NO2. Determine the overall rate law and the rate constant.

a. if O is 1st order you should get a straight line if you plot ln[O] vs. t

⇒ if the slopes are the same using the first 2 data points and the last

2 data points you know it’s a line without actually plotting it ⇒

slope = = = -98s-1 vs. slope = = -100s-1 since the 2 slopes are very close it must be 1st order

Ch 15 – Answer Keyb. since both O and NO2 are 1st order the rate law is rate = k[O][NO⇒ 2] however ⇒when the concentration of one substance is really high you can write a pseudo rate law

⇒ rate = k’[O] where k’ is the -slope of the line setting the two rate laws equal to ⇒ ⇒each other k[O][NO⇒ 2] = k’[O] or k[NO2] = k’ k(1.0 x 10⇒ 13 molecules/cm3) = 99s-1 k = 9.9x10⇒ -12s-1molecules-1cm3

Ch 15 – Answer Key13. Given the following mechanism:

H2O2 H2O + O

O + CF2Cl2 ClO + CF2Cl

ClO + O3 Cl + 2 O2

Cl + CF2Cl CF2Cl2

a. Write the overall equation for the reaction? sum of the elementary steps if ⇒you add them up the O, CF2Cl2, ClO, CF2Cl and Cl cancel out leaving you with

H2O2 + O3 H2O + 2 O2

b. Identify the reaction intermediates. O,⇒ ClO, CF2Cl and Cl reaction ⇒intermediates are temporarily made then consumed

c. Identify the catalyst. CF⇒ 2Cl2 catalysts speed up the reaction by changing ⇒the pathway and lowering the activation energy catalysts are temporarily ⇒consumed then regenerated

Ch 15 – Answer Key14. Write the overall reaction, identify any intermediates and derive a rate law given

the following reaction mechanism:

Cl2 2 Cl (fast equilibrium)

Cl + CHCl3 HCl + CCl3 (slow)

Cl + CCl3 CCl4 (fast)

the rate law can be derived from the slowest elementary step rate = k⇒ 2[Cl][CHCl3] the coefficient=order ONLY for elementary steps the rate law is not ⇒ ⇒

practical if it contains intermediates such as in this case the Cl in step 1 it is a ⇒fast equilibrium so the rate forward=rate reverse k⇒ ⇒ 1[Cl2] = k-1[Cl]2 [Cl] ⇒= now substituting this into the original rate law ⇒

rate = k2[CHCl3] or rate = k[Cl2] [CHCl3]

Ch 15 – Answer Key15. The following mechanism is proposed for the reduction of NO3

- by MoCl62-:

a. What is the intermediate? MoCl5-

b. Derive an expression for the rate law (rate = d[NO2-]/dt) for the overall reaction

using steady-state approximation. the rate law rate = d[NO2-]/dt is for the second step

⇒ rate = k2[NO3-][MoCl5

-] in the steady state approximation the assumption is that ⇒the concentration of the intermediate stays constant or the rate the intermediate is produced = the rate the intermediate is consumed ⇒k1[MoCl6

2-]= k-1[MoCl5-][Cl-] + k2[NO3

-][MoCl5-]

solving for [MoCl5-] [MoCl⇒ 5

-] =

substituting back into the rate law rate = ⇒

Ch 15 – Answer Key16. The forward activation energy for an elementary step is 42 kJ/mol and the reverse activation energy is 32 kJ/mol. Calculate E for the step.

ΔE°= forward Ea – reverse Ea

ΔE°= 42kJ/mol – 32kJ/mol = 10kJ/mol

Ch 15 – Answer Key17. The rate constants of a certain second-order reaction are

3.20x10-2/Ms at 24C and 0.945 /Ms at 150C.

a. Calculate the activation energy for this reaction.

⇒ Ea = E⇒ a = ⇒

Ea = 28.1kJ/mol

b. What is the rate constant at 100C? ⇒ ⇒ k2 = 0.32/Ms

Ch 15 – Answer Key18. The activation energy for the reaction

H2 (g) + I2 (g) → 2 HI (g)

is changed from 184 kJ/mol to 59.0 kJ/mol both at 600. K by the introduction of a Pt catalyst. Calculate the ratio of the catalyzed rate constant to the un-catalyzed rate constant. Assume A is constant. k=Ae-Ea/RT ⇒ = =

= (59kJ/mol)/(0.0083145kJ/molK x 600K) = 11.827

= (184kJ/mol)/(0.0083145kJ/molK x 600K) = 36.883 = = 7.6x1010