K IN G D O MA N IM A L IA

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• One of organism that occupies the earth is animal. An organism is called animal if it fulfills some of the following characteristic:

2. It has no chlorophyll and heterotrophic because animal cannot synthesize its own foods.

3. During their life, animal can move from one place to another, or move some parts of their body.

4. Animal is multicellular 4.It has nucleated cells, but lack of cell wall

The review of animal phylogeny

P r in c ip le s o f A n im a lC la s s if ic a t io n

• Animal can be grouped based on Animal can be grouped based on

The presence or absence of vertebral columnThe presence or absence of vertebral column

The type of body symmetry The type of body symmetry

The number of germ layersThe number of germ layers

The type of body cavities The type of body cavities

The temperature regulation.The temperature regulation.

1. Based on the presence or Absence of Verbal Column

– Invertebrates is the group of animal without . verbal column Invertebrates consist of

, , , Porifera Coelenterata Platyhelminthes, , , Nemathelminthes Annelida Mollusca

, Arthropoda Echinodermata and part member ( ).of Chordata Chephalochordata and Tunicata

– Vertebrates , is the group of animal which has . vertebral column All vertebrates is included in

.the phylum Chordata

1.1. Based on the Type of Budy SymmetryBased on the Type of Budy Symmetry– Asymmetrical ( ) such as sponges have no

general body plan or axis of symmetry that - . divides the body into miror image halves Within the animal kingdom this appears to be

.a primitive condition– Bilateraly symmetrical ( ), such as vertebrates if

the animal body can be divides into two approximately equal halves by cut that is

’ ( -made parallel to the animal s long anterior) posterior axis in which the cut passing down

.the midline– Radially symmetical ( ), such as starfish if the

animal body can be divided into two approximately equal halves by any cut that

.passed through the center of organism

3. based on the Number of Germ Layer• a. diploblastic is animal that during embryological

development having two primary tissue layers; that is an ectoderm and an endoderm. The example are Porifera an Coelenterata.

• b.Triploblastic is animal that during embryological development having two three layers; that are ectoderm,mesoderm and endoderm. All animals (except Porifera and Coelelterata )are triploblastic.

4. Based on the Type of Body Cavities ( Coelom )

a.Acoelomata is animal, which has no true body cavity (coelom ), for example Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

b. Pseudocoelomata is animal which has a pseudocoelom. They have body cavity but it is not lined with mesodermal cells, for example Nemathelminthes (roundworms)

c.Coelomata is animal,which has atrue coelom. All spaces between ectoderm an endoderm are lined by mesoderm layer, for example vertebrates and invertebrates

( except flatworms and roundworms)

5.Based on Temperature Regulation• a. Poikilotherms animal ( heterotherm or

ectotherm) is animal that regulates its body temperature as the environment temperature. It is also called as cold-bloodedness animal, for examples worms, reptiles and insect.

• b. Homeotherms animal ( homotherm or endotherm ), is a warmloodedness animal that can maintain a relatively constant body temperature, althought the environmental temperature varies. The examples are mammals and bird.

Phylum Porifera

• Characteristic of Porifera

• Classification of Porifera

• The Role of Porifera

Some characteristis of the phylum porifera are as follows:

a. The body does not actively move and is attached to some objects or another in a relatively shallow water.

b. Skeleton is composed of calcium carbonate,silicates, or spongin.

c. Has high regeneration abilityd. Has no organ, nervous system or mouthe. Food is obtained from water through ostium

into spongocoel digestion waste is excreted through ostium.

• Sexual reproduction by internal fertilization. Asexual reproduction through the formation of gemmule (bud)

Porifera s tructure

The body of porifera is supported by skeletal elements as follows:

b. Oscullum is water flow canal

c. Ostium or aperture is smaal pore for water entering

d. Paragaster or apongocoel is water canal which is found in the middle part of porifera’s bodies

e. The body wall, which is composed of:

6. Pinacocytes, the outer layer of a sponge

7. Porocytes, tubular cells which make up the pores of ostia

8. Myocytes, a cell that plays a role in regulating the opening and closing of the porocytes and osculum

9. Choanoicytes ( collar cells), the cella that responsible for intracellular food digesting

10.Amoebocytes, a cell which has a function in delivering food and can change the function into ovum and spermatozoid

11.Scleroblast, the cells screted spicules which has a role as skeleton

• 2. Classification of Porifera

• Porifera can be grouped based on the type of water canal or compomentof a sponge skeleton:

a. The Type of water Canal:• 1. Ason type, is the simpelest system. The canals run straight

throught the sponge body• 2. Sycon type, the canals are branched and prevent the water to

flowstraight throught into the spongocoel• 3. Leucon or ragon type, the canal system is more complicated

with tha canals being longer and more branched

b. Component of a sponge skeletonBased on the component of a sponge skeleton , porifera can be can

divided into calcarea, hexactinelida and desmospongiae2.Calcarea Skeleton of calcarea is composed oof calcium carbonate. Calcarea

has a small body size and live in shallow saltwater , for example are clathrina blanca and sycon gelatinosum.

4.Hexactinelidahexactinelida has skeleton, which is formed by silicates, for example pheroonema sp, and Euplectella.

6.DesmospongiaeThe supporting spicules and fibers of the Desmospongiae may be composed of spongin and/or cilica, for example Euspongia Sp. And Haliclona

comeback

3. The Role of PoriferaThe skeleton of porifera has economic value because it can

be used as cleaner tools(polisher) or seat-filled of vehicleEuspongia oficinalis is sponge, which usually used to wash.Euspongia mollisima is usually used for clener tools of

toiletSponges produces bioctive compounds that is potential as

material, for examples anticancer and antiasthma compound.

Sponges Luffariella Variabilis produces bastadin, ocadaic acid and monoalid, which have high economic value.