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KL / KJ 1034
Mechanical & Electrical Basics
Computer Assembly
by:
Kamarulzaman Mat
JKEES, May 2009
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Subtopics
Introduction
Basic components of computer
system
The classification of computers
Assembling the computer hardware
Software and drivers installation
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IntroductionComputer Architecture is:
the arrangement of computercomponents and their relationships
the theory behind the design of acomputer.
Requirement of a computer includes:
process data, store data, move databetween the computer and the outsideworld and control the operation of theabove.
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Introduction cont.
1. Types of the computer?
2. Why the computer is very useful?
3. Names component of thecomputer that you know.
4. Names the operating systems that
you know/use.
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Introduction cont.
Dell Inspiron 530s
Amazing 256MB graphic card for crystal
clear display in a space saving slim design
Intel Core2 Duo Processor E4500 (2MB L2 cache,2.20 GHz)
Genuine Windows Vista Operating System
Memory: 2GB DDR2 SDRAM
Hard Drive: 250GB Hard Drive
Optical Drive: DVD Burner
Graphic Card: 256MB ATI Radeon HD 2400 Pro
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G Example
Machines
HW SW Performance
1st ENIAC
UNIVAC I
UNIVAC II
IBM 700
Vacuum tubes,
magnetic
drums,
electrostatic
tubes memory
Machine code,
stored
programs
2-4 KB
memory,
40 KIPS
2nd IBM 7094
PDP-1
Transistors,
core memory,
ZSI
High level
languages
4-32 KB
memory, 200
KIPS
3rd IBM 360 370,
PDP-2
ICs,
semiconductor
memory,
microprocessors,
SSI, MSI
Timesharing,
graphics,
structure
programming
2-8 MB
memory, 1
MIPS
History of Computers
*G Generation *HW Hardware *SW - Software
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4th IBM 3090 Cray
XMP IBM PC
Intel 4004-Intel
8088
LSI, VLSI,
networks,
optical disks
Packaged
programs,
object-oriented
languages,
expert systems
8-64 MB
memory, 10
MIPS,
108 KHz-5
MHz clock
speeds
5th Sun SparcIntel Paragon
(80286-Itanium)
PowerPC 601-
PowerPC G4
VLSI, ULSI,parallel systems
Parallellanguages
symbolic
processing,
Artificial
Intelligence
64 MB- 1 GB(yr 2006)
memory, 100
MIPS, 6 MHz-
1.8 GHz (yr
2006) clock
speeds
History of Computers cont.
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Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)
Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards
Processing: CPU executes the computer program
Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape
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Architecture Components
Hardware (HW)Processes data by executing instructions
Provides input and output
Software (SW) Instructions executed by the system
DataFundamental representation of facts and
observations
CommunicationsSharing data and processing among
different systems
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Personal Computer System
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Basic Component of computer
Hardware (HW)
The most visible part and all physical
components.
Provides the physical mechanisms to input and
output data.
Input devices : keyboard, mouse etc.
Output devices : printer, display screen etc.
Others components : central processing unit
(CPU), memory, disk, tape.
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Basic Component of computer
A typical personal computer consists
of a case or chasis in desktop or
tower shape and the following parts:
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Basic component of computer
1) Motherboard or system board (also knownas main board) with slots for expansioncards and holding parts :
Central processing unit (CPU)
Computer fan - used to cool down the CPU
Random Access Memory (RAM)- for program execution & short term datastorage
- More RAM will normally contribute to a fasterPC.
- RAM is almost always removable as it sits inslots in the motherboard, attached with smallclips.
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Basic component of computer-cont.
Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) or
Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in
some newer computers
Buses
PCI
PCI-E
USB
HyperTransport
What is ROM? For what? ROM vs RAM?
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Basic component of computercont.
2) Power supply - a case that holds atransformer, voltage control, and(usually) a cooling fan
3) Storage controllers ofIDE, SATA, SCSIor other type, that control hard disk,floppy disk, CD-ROM and other drives;the controllers sit directly on themotherboard (on-board) or onexpansion cards
4) Video display control lerthat producesthe output for the computer display.
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Basic component of computercont.
5) Computer bus controllers (parallel, serial,USB, FireWire) to connect the computer toexternal peripheral devices such asprinters orscanners
6) Internal storage - keeps data inside the
computer for later use.7) Hard disk - for medium-term storage of
data.
8) Disk array control ler or RAID controller
9) Sound card - translates signals from thesystem board into analog voltage levels,and has terminals to plug in speakers.
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10) Networking - to connect the computerto the Internet and/or other computers
11) Modem - for dial-up connections
12) Network card - for DSL/Cable internet,and/or connecting to other computers.
13) Otherperipherals
Basic component of computer cont.
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Basic component of computer cont.
Input Devices
scanner
joystick
keyboard
mouse
stylus
Webcamera
PC gamming device
trackball
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Basic component of computer cont.
Output Devices
LCDmonitor
cathode ray tube monitor
impactprinter
ink jet printerflatbedplotter
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Basic component of computer cont.
Central Processing Units (CPU)
CPU Cooler
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Typical Motherboard
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Basic component of computer
Typical Personal Computer System
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Basic component of computer cont.
Software (SW)
Consists of programs that tell the computerwhat to do.
Two major categories of SW - System SW andApplication SW.
System SW - helps user to manage files, toload and execute programs, and to acceptcommands from the mouse and keyboard.Collectively known as an operating system(OS).
Examples of an OS : Windows 2000, WindowsXP, Vista, UNIX, and LINUX.
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Basic component of computer cont.
Application SW programs which tend tousers specific needs.
Application SW can be obtained by
developing it (on our own) or purchase it
from the vendor.
Examples of Application SW Word
processing (MS Words), spreadsheets (MS
Excel), presentation and graphical software
(MS Power Point) etc
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Basic component of computer cont.
Data
Data is the component, which is being
manipulated.
It may be numeric or alphanumeric orgraphic or in some other form.
It must be presentable to be manipulated
by the computer
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Basic component of computer cont.
Communication Components
Normally modern computers are tied toother computers directly via a network(LAN/MAN/WAN) and requires both HW
and SW. A communication channel provides the
connection between computers.
The channel may be a wire cable, a fiberoptic cable, a telephone line, or a wireless
technology.
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Basic component of computer cont.
Communication Components
A modulator demodulator (modem) ornetwork interface card (NIC) - as an interface
between the computer and the communicationchannel.
A common set of ground rules known asprotocols that make it possible for eachcomputer to understand what other computers.
The Internet is a measure of the success to
which protocols have been standardized.
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Computer Classification
Personal Computer Minicomputer
Mainframes Super computer
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Computer Classification
Normally computers are classified
based on its sizes - in both
appearance and power.
The classifications mainframes,
supercomputers, minicomputers and
personal computers, microcomputers
and workstations.
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Computer Classification
The characteristics used for computer classification
(differentiate the computers) are:
speed
number of CPU registers
word length
main memory size complexity of I/O modules
OS complexity
physical size, cost
virtual address space
secondary memory size degree of multiprogramming.
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Computer Classification
Mainframes Capable of processing data at very fast
speeds at MIPS and have access to billionsof data characters.
Principal use is forprocessing vastamounts of data quickly, thus, obviouscustomers are ISPs, banks, insurancecompanies and manufacturers.
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Computer Classification Supercomputers: Process data at a speed
of BIPS. They are used formammoth jobs,
such as worldwide weather forecasting,
earthquake center, oil exploration and military
uses. Minicomputers : Smaller computers which
are slower and less costly than mainframes.
Became known as superminis as their
popularity, power and speed grew until thetop of the line.
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Computer Classification
Personal Computers (PCs):
The smallest computers also known as
microcomputers.
Became known as supermicros or
referred as workstations.
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Assembling the Computer Hardware
Before begin building or refitting a
computer, some basic tools:
Phillips-head (cross-shaped)
screwdriverA flathead screwdriver
Needle nose pliers
Anti-static Wrist Strap
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Assembling the Computer Hardware
cont.
Construction Process:
1) Install the motherboard
- fasten a screw througheach of the motherboard
screw holes
2) Installing the processor,
and the CPUs heatsink
and fan
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Assembling the Computer Hardware
-cont.
Two things that go wrong the most oftenand most expensively are both related tothe CPU and i ts cooler:
Switching the computer on before addingany CPU cooling uni t.
Without cooling, CPUs heat up at extremerates between 10X and a 1000X (as fast as acooking area). By the time the first display onthe screen, CPU will already be severelyoverheating and might be damaged beyondrepair.
Mounting the CPU cooler improperly.
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Assembling the Computer Hardware
-cont.
3) Install RAM.
Find the RAM slots on the motherboard;
Do not force them, they should move
fairly easily.
Put the RAM module in the socket.
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Assembling the Computer Hardware -cont.
4) Power supply (PS)
Installing PS is straightforward, if itcame with your case it was preinstalled.Otherwise a few moments of screwdriver
work will get the job done.5) Video card
If your motherboard has a built-in videoskip this section.
If you have an AGP video card: Install
the video card into the AGP socket. Thisis always the top expansion slot near theback of the computer.
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Assembling the Computer Hardware -
cont.
6) Drive jumpers
If you are using SATA drives --skip thissection.
Before install IDE/ATA dr ives, will need
to set the drives jumpers. Each IDE/ATAchannel can handle two drives, a masterand a slave.
7) Drives
Install the hard drive and optical drives.
8) Other connectionPower button and while you're at it, youmight as well do the reset buttons
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Assembling the Computer Hardware -
cont.
9) Prepare to power up.
Monitors will eitherhave a VGA or a newerDVI plug
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Software and Drivers Installation
After the assembling process is over,
then do:
1. BIOS Setup
2. Partition & format the hard disk(if necessary)
3. Operating system installation
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Software and Drivers Installation
cont.
1. BIOS Setup
- built in setup utility that lets us
configure several basic system
characteristics.- enter the setup utility; restart the
system and press F1 (or sometimes,
other key) when prompted on
screen during the startup process.
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Software and Drivers Installation
cont.
Example of BIOS system (diagram)
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Software and Drivers Installation
cont.
2. Part ition the hard diskHard disk drive partitioning is the creation oflogical divisions upon a hard disk that allowsone to apply operating system - specificlogical formatting.
Appear to be more than one hard drive,especially in how each partition is formattedfor different operating systems, and in howfiles are copied from one partition to another.
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Software and Drivers Installation cont.
Partitioning allows the creation of several filesystems on one hard disk. This has manybenefits:
Al lowing fordual boot setups (for example,to boot Microsoft Windows and Linux),.
Sharing swap partitions between multiple
Linux distributions, so such partitions useless hard drive space.
Protecting or isolating files
Raising overall computer performance.
Higher levels of data organization, raising the
user efficiency of the system
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Software and Drivers Installation cont.
2. Formatting the hard disk:to prepare a disk, for reading and
writing.
the operating system erases allbookkeeping information on the disk,tests the disk to make sure all sectorsare reliable, marks bad sectors andcreates internal address tables that itlater uses to locate information.
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Software and Drivers Installation
cont.
3. Operating systeminstallation:
- UNIX
- LINUX
- Windows OS:- Windows 95
- Windows 98
- Windows 2000(ME)
- Windows NT
- Windows XP- Windows Vista
*Use Win XP for thelab purposes
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Software and Drivers Installation cont.
Requirements for Windows XP
Keyboard, mouseKeyboard, mouseDevices
CD-ROM or higherCD-ROM/DVD ROMDrives
1.5 GB or higher1.5 GBHard drive disk
free space
Super VGA or higher
resolution
Super VGAVideo adapter and
monitor
128 MB RAM or higher64 MB RAMMemory
300 MHz or higher233 MHzProcessor
RecommendedMinimum
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Exercise:
Find the information for SDRAM type:
DDR vs DDR2 vs DDR3
in terms of:
i . data transfer rate (range),ii. I/O c lock (range) and
i ii . the supply voltage
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Motherboard Connectors
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Processor Socket
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IDE Connectors
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TERM
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
ATA - Advanced Technology Attachment, or PATA
SATA - Serial ATA
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
PCIe - PCI Express, also known as 3GIO
SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic RAM
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface, faster thanstandard serial or parallel port
USB - Universal Serial Bus, USB 1.1 (12 Mbps) & USB 2.0(480 Mbps)
FireWire IEEE 1394, 400Mbps (in 1394a) and 800Mbps (in1394b).
VGA - Video Graphics Array
DVI - Digi tal Visual Interface
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~THE END~
Note: please read before attending
your lab session.