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Oleh
I W ayan Suweca
KK P erancangan Mesin ITB
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Routine designAll possible solution types are enumerated (that is, allthe attributes, applicable useful methods, and thestrategies are known a priori).
Innovative designThe knowledge base is already known and available todesigner. The solutions are novel, but no newknowledge is added.
Creative designNeither the attributes nor the strategies are knownahead of time. New variables and new knowledge basesare added to the system.
1.1. Classes of Design (Brown & Chandrasekaran, 1985)
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1.2. Product Life Cycle
Needs
Design &
Development
Manufacturing &
Distribution
Operation &
Maintenance
Face Out
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2. Design Methodology
Design methodology is a prescribed
sequence of action in conducting design
process.
It is important to know in what context a
given methodology is applicable and forwhat problem types it is useful.
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Recognition of needs
Definition of problem
Gathering of information
Conceptualization
Detailing
Evaluation
CommunicationIncreasingAbstraction
IncreasingDetail
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2.1. French Method
: Process
: Result
Needs
Analysis ofproblem
Statementof problem
Conceptualdesign
SelectedSchemes
Embodiment ofschemes
Detailing
Workingdrawing
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2.2. Ullman Method
TeamEstablishment
Cost & scheduleestimation
JobDevelopment
Market
Analysis
Project planapproved?
ProjectDefinition & Planning
SpecificationDefinition
CustomerIdentification
EstablishTechnical
Specification
EstablishCustomer Needs
CompetitorEvaluation
Spec.approved?
DetermineTarget
No
ProductDevelopment
ConceptualDesign
ProductSupport
CreateConcept
Documentation &Communication
EvaluateConcept
Make Decisionfor the Concept
Conceptapproved?
Changethe plan
ProduceProduct
Production
Performance &Strength
Cost
Productionapproved?
Documentation &Communication
Improve?
No
Stop
Yes
Start
Y
es
SalesSupport
Manufacturing &Assembling
Support
TechnicalModification
Customer
Support
Improve?
Stop
No
No
Ye
s
Improve?
Stop
No
No
Yes
Yes
Productevaluation
Y
es
Make Decisionfor the product
Improve?
Stop
No
No
Yes
Yes
End
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2.3. VDI M ethod
T a s k
Clarify & definethe task
Determine functionand their structure
Search for solution principlesand their combinations
Divide intorealizable modules
Develop layout ofkey modules
Complete overallmodules
Prepare production andoperating instructions
Further Realization
1
2
7
6
5
4
3
Itera
teforwardsan
dbac
kwards
be
tweenprev
iousan
dfollow
ingstages
Specification
Function structures
Principles solutions
Module structure
Definitive layouts
Product documents
Preliminary layouts
Fulfil
landadaptrequirement
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
STAGES RESULTS PHASES
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2.4. Pahl & Beitz MethodT a s k
Market, company, economy
Plan and clarify the task
Develop the principles
Prepare production andoperating documents
Solution
Requirement list(Design specification)
Concept
(Principle solution)
Preliminary layout
Definitive layout
Product documentation
Upgradeandim
prove
Informationadapttherequirementslist
Plann
ingan
d
clari
fying
the
tas
k
Concep
tua
l
des
ign
De
tail
des
ign
Em
bo
dimen
t
des
ign
Optimizationof
theproduction
Optimizationofthe
layout,
formsand
materials
Optimizationof
theprinciple
Define the construction structure
Develop the construction structure
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2.5. Ibrahim Zeid Method
Designneed
Designspecifications
Feasibility study withcollecting design information
Designdocumentation
Designevaluation
Designanalysis,
optimization
DesignAnalysis
model
Designconcept-ualization
Processplanning
ProductionQualitycontrol
Packaging Shipping
Marketing
Productionplanning
Design andprocurementof new tools
Ordermaterials
NC/CNC/DNC Pro-gramming
Design Process
Manufacturing Process
Synthesis
Analysis
CAD + CAE
CAM
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2.6. Dieter MethodProduct Specification
Develop Design Concept
Analysis Critical Design Features
Create Detail Design
Analysis Detail Design
Generate Detailed Drawings
Build Prototype
Test Prototype
Program N/C Machine Tools andAutomated Manufacturing Equipment
Manufacturing Product
Test Finished Product
Ship Product
Monitor Filed Performance
Historical andCurrent Test Data
Design Database
Modify Design
CAM
CAD
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Total project planning
Design planning
Sketch drawing
Scheme drawing
Final scheme drawing
Parts drawing
Assembly drawing
Parts fabrication
Assembly
Inspection
Designinanarrows
ense
D
esigninabroadsense
2.7. Hatamura Method
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Total project planning
Design planning
Sketch drawing
Scheme drawing
Final scheme drawing
Parts drawing
Assembly drawing
Parts fabrication
Assembly
Inspection
Project proposal document
Scheme drawing
3. Specific Process in Hatamura Method
Sketch drawing
Design planning documentDesign specification document{ }
Final scheme drawingDesign document (including design calculation){ }
Parts drawingPart list{ } Assembly drawing Fabrication specification document Operation instruction document Inspection specification document
{ }
Manufacturing Process}
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Designplanning
Total projectplanning
Sketchdrawing
Specification document
Timetable
Budget list
(a) Stages of des ign (b) Decision matters (c) Outcomes
Proposal
Organization
Delivery schedule
Overall cost
Outline specifications
Division of labor
Budget
Time schedule
Basic specifications
3.1. Design P lanning
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3.2. Sketch Draw ing
Sketch drawing
Design planning
Scheme drawing
Function diagram
Mechanism diagram
Powersystemdiagram
(a) Stages (b) Items for consideration (c) Diagrams used
Basic specifications
Lay-out the design ideas in mind
(a large portion is still abstract oruncertain)
Different kinds of sketch drawing
More details of functions,mechanism, and structure are
incorporated at this stage
Forceline diagram
Starting characteristicsdiagram
BodeplotControl system diagram
Measurement/control
Dynamic characteristics
Structural balance & beauty
Static characteristics
Transmission of motion &forces
Drive
Mechanism
Function
Measurement systemdiagram
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Items to beconsidered in sketch
drawing
Functionalrequirement
andassociatedconstraints
Mecha-nism
Drive
Function
Transmi-ssion ofmotion
and force
Sensingand
control
Dynamiccharac-teristics
Balance
Staticcharac-teristics
Pneu-
matic
Piezo-
electric
Motor
Hydrau-
lic
Guide
Rotary
shaft
Link
Hydr/
pneuElastic
defor.
Gear
Cam
Timing
belt
Clutch
Force
line Strength
Rigidity
Balance
Support
Appea-
rance
Symetry
Force
and
size
cg
Starting
Vibration
I
GD2
Freg.
Charac.
Reso-
nance
Vib.Isola-tion
Recor-
ding
DisplayOpe-ration
Ampli-
fication.
Sensor
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3.3. Scheme Draw ing
Scheme drawing (SD)
Sketch drawing
Parts/assembly drawing
(a) Stages
(b) Items to be investigated
(c) Decision items
Outline structure
The first SD containingthe structural details
The SD produced at theintermediate stages where a lotof investigations and discussionstake place towards improvement
The final SD containingall the final decisions
Parts in stock to be utilized
Commercial parts to be purchased
Manufacturers
Standards, regulations, rules
Possible interference caused to the environment
Possible interference received from the environment
Available utilities
Installation space of the machine
(SD1)
(SDn)
(SD1,..., SDn-1)
Transportation and installation
Maintenance
Manufacturers
Assembly/disassembly
Machining methods
Machine elements
Materials
Dimensions
Installation space of the machine
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Items to beconsidered in
SD
Constraintsimposed onthe designcontents
Installa-
tion
space
Interfe-rence
from envi.
Parts in
stock,usable old
parts
Interfe-rence to
envi.
Commer-cial
products
Manu-facturers
Stand.Regula-tions,rules
Speci-fication
Usable
old
parts
Availableutilities
Trans-
portation
Installa-
tion
location Opera-
tion
space
Standardizedparts
Parts in
stock
Machi-ningskills
Deli-
very
Cost
Order
Reliability
ofmanufac-
turer
Personin
charge
Corres-ponden-
ceAtmos-phere
Electro-magneti
sm
Light
NoiseHum
Mag-
netism
Vibra-tion
Humanmove-ment
Ground
current
Wind
Odour
Corro-
sive gas
Humadity
Temperature
Trans-porta-tion
Elec-
tricityWater
Com-
pressedair
Fuel
SupplyDrai-nage
Petrol
Gas
Patent
Stan-dards
Govern-ment
regula-tions
Environ-
mental
polution
Safety
Int.Stand.
Dom.Stand.
Corp.Stand.
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Items to bedetermined by adesigner in SD
Decisionitems
in schemedrawing
Electri-
city Water
Compres
sed air
Marketingparts
Wiring
Sensor
Pipearrange-
ment
Manu-facture
Corners
Machi-ning
precision
Plane
deviation
Mate-rial
Standardized size
Tie-in
Squa-reness
Paralle-
lism
Motionstrokerange
Totalsize
Heattreat-ment
JigMaterialpreparati
on
Machi-ning
process
Elementdesign
Speci-fication
Assembly Disasse
mbly
Cost
Deli-very
Manu-facturer
Mainte-nance
Machinetool
Machi-ningorder
Machi-ning
method
Surfaceroughness
Fit
Occu-pancyspaceTole-
rance
Specificdimen-
sion
Installa-tion
Dimen-sion
Services
Material
Fabri-cation
Wiring/pipe
arrange-ment
Assembly/dissasem-
bly
Machi-ning
Machineelements
Centre
deviation
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3.4. Instruction for Production
Scheme drawing
Fabrication
(b) Working contents and information
Final scheme drawing
Fabrication specificationdrawing
Parts drawing
Parts list
Assembly drawing
Operationspecification
list
(Extraction and representation of the informationassociated with each part fabricated)
(Assembly simulation based on the information of theindividual parts)
(List constructed from the assembly and parts drawing,which contains the information necessary for assembly)
(a) Steps in the preparation of thefabrication specification docum ent
(Document which contains the information on thefabrication of each part and the total assembly)
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3.5. Fabrication & VerificationPreparation of fabricationspecification document
(Place an order for the product based on the parts drawings,
assembly drawing, and part list)
(Order and follow-up of the fabrication of each parts)
(Order and follow-up of the purchase of marketing parts)
(Inspection of the individual parts, order and follow-up of theassembly work)
Parts drawing
Assembly drawing
Fabrication
Parts fabrication
Parts purchasing
Assembly
Verification
Inspection
Test/trial run
Post-process of design
Release/presentation
Patent
Overall review
(Work accompanying design)
(Rights assertion with respect to the design result)
(Review of the whole design project)
(Verification of the performance of the machine)
(b) Contents of designers work(a) Steps after completing thefabrication specification document
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4. Post-Process of Design
4.1. Application for patent The designs which are excellent are at the same time
those that are most prone to be copied. Thus,designers are strongly encouraged to protect theirintellectual properties in the form of patent, copyright, etc.
Establishing intellectual property is the action oflinking intellectual activities with the economy.
The crucial point in applying for patent is to do it assoon as you get the idea. It is not surprising thatother competitive designers working in the same filedmay come up with a similar idea to yours.
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4.2. Comprehensive Evaluation
In addition to checking that all specifications are met during the
test/trial run, it should also be evaluated to see if it is really relevant to
whole project. This type of review plays an important role, especially in
cases where a totally new machine has been created, for instance, for
research and development purposes. The review, at least, should
examined the following points:1. Was the project as a whole justifiable?
2. Was the design plan appropriate, in terms especially of cost,
schedule/delivery, and staff?
3. Was the design in accordance with the objective of the research and
development?
4. What was the difference between actual and projected total expenditure.
5. Was the project profitable?
6. Was it released at the right time to the market?
7. Does the machine actually meet the customers needs?
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4.3. Publicity
When the designed machine is completed and theobjectives has been achieved, the machine should be
publicized.
If it was for university research, the content of the research
itself should be published in learned journals.
If it was for industrial development, the product should be
advertised in newspaper, on TV, and in magazines.
A designers pleasure at receiving a flood of enquiries about
and orders for the product will fan the flames of his/her
ambition to produce a new and better design in the future.
Research without publication is nothing and development
without publicity is childs play.
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5. SomeViewpoints in Machine Design
5.1. Machines: past and future
Structure
Operating ends
Power source
Transmissionmechanism
Structure
Operating ends
Power source
Transmissionmechanism
Sensor
Actuator
Informationprocessing unit
Intell igent elements
Intell igent machine
Conventionalmachine
Conventional of thefuture machine
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5.2. Conditions to be Satisfied in M achine Design
Flow offorces
Mechanismto satisfyfunctions
Balance(for gravity)
Strength
Balance ofthe form orappearance
MachineDesign
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5.3. General Topics Considered in Machine Design
Forceand
strength
Function
Dimension
Structure
Mechanism Material
Machiningprocess
Form
Machineelements
Functionalrequirementsand associated
constraints
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5.4. Checklist of Design Results
Are the costs of manufacturing and time for manufacturing appropriate?3.
Do the specification (performance, size, weight, etc.) satisfy the needs?2.
Is it really necessary to fabricate the machine?1.
StatusParameterNo.
1. PLANNING
2. FUNCTION
Were all power sources, information sources, signal lines and controldevices that are to be attached, considered?
3.
Were all necessary functions considered?2.
Will the machine achieve the desired function?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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3. MECHANISM & CONSTRUCTION
Was a suitable clamp implemented for wiring and piping?12.
Was the load examined, not only from the driving side, but also consideringthe effect of gravity of the parts and force of inertia?
11.
Was consideration to high-speed rotating parts sufficient?10.
Has consideration been given to vibration?9.
Are the direction of air flow and oil flow correct? Are they confirmedgraphically?
8.
Are the direction of the shaft rotation, movement and direction of level andlink correct? Are they confirmed graphically?
7.
Is it constructed in such a way that it is thick where the flow of force islarge and thin where the flow of force is small?
6.
Is the balance good? Is the machine beautiful?5.
Is the flow of forces closed?4.
Are the mechanism and construction as simple as possible?3.
Was the most appropriate mechanism adopted?2.
Is the mechanism and construction suitable to achieve the functions?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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4. MATCHING WITH EXTERIOR CONDITIONS
Was sufficient consideration given to safety and accident prevention?10.
Will the machine be able to manage with the available utilities (water, air,electricity)?
9.
Is there any interference with the surrounding area due to movement,action, etc.?
8.
Can the machine be accommodated in the space available?7.
Is the effect on the surrounding area all right?6.
Is there any concern about unwanted water accumulation which may causefreezing and bursting?
5.
Was consideration given to the rusting of sliding part and adjusting screwsdue to air exposure?
4.
Were changes in length and reduction of gaps due to variation oftemperature considered?
3.
Was consideration given to high temperatures, low temperatures, dust,corrosiveness, vibration, etc.?
2.
Will the machine withstand the effect of surrounding conditions?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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5. SHAPE
Is the shape suitable for operability?6.
Are parts, holes, cavities, etc., sensibly shaped?5.
Does the shape lend itself to assembly and disassembly?4.
Can the shape be fabricated?3.
Can the shape be made simpler?2.
Is the shape of the machine good enough to achieve the required function?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
6. STRENGTH
Is it constructed such that it is thick where flow of force is large and thinwhere flow of force is small?
4.
For the machine with a forced vibration element, is he characteristicvibration frequency larger than the forced vibration frequency?
3.
Is the deformation within an allowable range?2.
Is static strength sufficient? Is fatigue strength sufficient?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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7. DIMENSI ONS
Concentration of local stress, breakage, etc, tends to occur due toquenching in parts with sharp edges, and with complicated shapes or partswith an abrupt variation in thickness. Was the size of radius examined toprevent this from occurring?
12.
Has the stroke (working range) of movable parts been entered?11.Have dimensions for fixing and transport been entered correctly?10.
Have other related devices been drawn and mutual relations between themchecked?
9.
Are interfaces good?8.
Is the designation of fitting appropriate?7.
Are dimensions as clear-cut as possible?6.
Have the dimensions of mating chamfer and radius been considered?5.
Have treatments of chamfer and radius been designated?4.
Can the dimensions be realized from a manufacturing viewpoint?3.
Is there any redundancy in the dimensions?2.
Is there any omission in the details of dimensions?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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7. DIMENSI ONS (continued)
Has the reference plane for machining been considered?23.
Has tolerance been chosen such that fabrication error and assembling errorcan be avoided?
22.
Has tolerance in shape (parallelism, squareness, cylindricity, etc.) beenconsidered?
21.
Is surface roughness appropriate? It is not too strict20.
Has surface roughness been designated?19.
Is tolerance (including fitting) unnecessarily strict?18.Has tolerance been considered?17.
Has the occupancy space been correctly indicated?16.
Have all dimensions been entered?15.
Is the total dimension correct?14.
Are the dimensions entered appropriately? (with regard to accumulation oferrors)
13.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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8. WEIGHT
Has a lifting hook been attached to parts that weight more than 20 kg?3.
Is the weight of parts less than 20 kg so that they can be carried by hand?2.
Does the weight satisfy the basic specification?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
9. MATERIAL
Have any special items (expensive, not in stock, interior workability) been designatedinadvertently?
10.
Where there are no stock items, is it actually possible for the item to be made available?9.
To avoid a delay, has a stock item been considered as a choice?8.
In the case of steel material, has heat treatment been examined?7.
Is corrosion resistance sufficient? If not, has surface treatment been designated?6.
Where electric conductivity, etc, are required, have they been taken into consideration?5.
Is workability (cut-ability, weld-ability, etc.) sufficient?4.
Will there be any problems caused by thermal expansion as a result of temperature change?3.
Can sufficient strength be obtained should the temperature change?2.
Are mechanical properties ( tensile strength, rigidity, hardness, specific gravity) appropriate?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Sheet metal and welding]
Is it planned to unify the plate thickness used? Has utilizing a flat bar,shaped steel, etc. been considered?
9.
Does the design stay within the size of standard sheet of steel?8.
Has consideration been given to preventing stress concentration?7.
Has sheet metal tolerance been considered?6.
Has welding distortion been considered?5.
Is there any interference between the bead of welding and a bolt head ornut when they are being fastened?
4.
Is there any missing or inappropriate designation of the welding symbol?3.
Can the item be welded?2.
Is bending possible?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Machining]
Is the location of the working reference plane clearly indicated?15.
Is there a margin for chucking?14.
Is the method of indicating dimension appropriate from the points of view of workingmethod and sequence?
13.
Can different stages of machining be applied from one direction without resetting thework piece?
12.
Has the working sequence been considered?11.
Is surface roughness sufficient for a sliding surface, oil seal, packing, etc?10.
Is it possible to relax tolerance in shape?9.
Is it possible to relax tolerance in dimensions?8.
Is the finish symbols not too strict?7.
Are the finish symbols or marks used, appropriate? Are any forgotten?6.
Is it necessary to chamfer for sharp edges?5.
Has consideration been given to the fact that a radius is formed at a concave?4.
Has any consideration been given to shape and dimension of the cutter?3.
Has the type of machine to be used for machining been considered? (is it possible tomachine with the facilities available? Is any innovative machining involved?
2.
Is machining possible?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Heat Treatment]
Has the range of quenching been designated?3.
Have depth, hardness, etc., of quenching been designated?2.
Is the quality of the material appropriate?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
10. WORKING M ETHOD [Surface Treatment]
What type of anti-corrosive measure is it panned to implement?4.
Has attention been paid to rust?3.
Is the designation for plating and painting proper?2.
Is plating or painting necessary?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Assembly/disassembly]
Is maintainability good?14.
Has sufficient work space for a human to do maintenance work been considered?13.
Is it possible to connect necessary instruments for maintenance?12.
Is it possible to reduce the number of tools required for maintenance?11.
Can assembly proceed in the order indicated by the numbers used for the parts?10.
Is there a potential problem caused by the accumulation of errors in working and
assembling?
9.
Has consideration been given to assembly and adjustment?8.
Are assembling and disassembling by unit possible? (have work procedures, extractionmargins and removal space been considered when replacing a unit?)
7.
Can oil seals, dust seals, O-rings, etc., be assembled and disassembled withoutdamage?
6.
Have parts that are to be replaced possible whenever disassembling been taken intoconsideration?
5.
Is disassembly possible? (is extraction possible when disassembling press-fittedparts?)
4.
Has the stroke of tools been considered?3.
Has space for tools been allowed?2.
Is assembly possible?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Inspection]
Has type of instrumentation to be used been examined?2.
Can designated accuracy be confirmed?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
10. WORKING M ETHOD [Transport/Installation]
Is the load-bearing capacity of the floor sufficient?8.
Has consideration been given to installation?7.
Is the position of the centre of gravity appropriate?6.
When the machine or parts are packed for transportation, are they still safeand stable?
5.
If transporting after disassembly, has transportation of each disassembledpart separately been considered?
4.
Have door width, roads, crane, ceiling height, hand-carried loads, etc, beenchecked?
3.
Has the method of transportation been examined?2.Has the place of installation been examined?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Mechanical Elements]
If no stock is available, can it actually be obtained?4.
Has availability of stock delivery time been confirmed for purchased parts?3.
Has it been checked if there are standard mechanical elements available(particularly, springs gears, etc.)?
2.
Is the performance of mechanical elements used sufficient?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
10. WORKING M ETHOD [Electrical Elements]
Has earthing been properly considered?4.
Have measures been taken for noise and external disturbance?3.
Has wiring space been taken into account?2.
Is the motor power sufficient?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Operability]
Are brightness, temperature and noise at comfortable levels?5.
Has ease of visual recognition been considered? All information should bevisible at a glance.
4.
Does the operating direction of levers, etc., conform with human commonsense?
3.
Have maximum operating power and optimum operating power beenconsidered?
2.
Has sufficient work space for the operator been allowed?1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Safety]
Has consideration been given to fail safety so that a machine would stopautomatically should any erroneous operation malfunction occur?
7.
Has a fool-proof system been considered to prevent errors in assembly,adjustment, and operation from occurring?
6.
Is a cover provided on movable parts, in the form of pulleys, belts, etc.?5.
Is a lighting device available for work operation?4.
Is there any fear of leakage and damage due to the loosening of piping andhydraulic piping or the occurrence of fire due to adjacent installation ofwiring?
3.
Is there any concern that operators could get burnt by contact white themachine? How about an emergency escape or safe lock which protects theoperator from being injured in an emergency?
2.
Has attention been paid to potential accidents, such as being cut by sharpedges, being tripped, catching fire, explosion, being caught in the machine,and so on?
1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Method of Drafting]
Has the third angle projection method been used?
Is there any error in scale?
Is it clearly stated that the third angel projection method was used?
Title table10.
Has a detail drawing been drawn for a confusing portion?9.
Is the scale used standard?8.
Have letters and numbers which are common in drafting been used?7.
Are the cross-sections represented properly?6.
Are the position and direction of the cross-section correct?5.
Are the view drawings represented properly?4.
Are solid lines, broken lines and dashed lines differentiated?3.
Are line thicknesses correct? Can thick and thin lines be distinguished?2.
Is the representation of the drawing correct? Does it accurately reflect the way itis actually seen?
Is the layout of the drawing easy to see?
Projective technique1.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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10. WORKING M ETHOD [Method of Drafting] (continued)
Has tolerance for processing been designated?
Have the quality of material, heat treatment, other particular matters, weight, etc.,been entered?
Have the product number and the drawing number been entered?
Are the names of parts appropriate? Have they been entered?
Have the names of experiments, devices, etc., been entered?
Have the signatures of the designer, the manufacturer, etc., been obtained? Hasthe contact address been clearly written?
Is there any error in scale?
Is it clearly stated that the third angel projection method was used?
Title table10.
StatusCheck List ParameterNo.
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Concluding Remarks
Design process is one of important and the most
strategic step in product life cycle.
The significance of design is in constructing information
that is necessary to the transformation of the idea
conceived by human brain into a real product.
In conducting a design process, designers should
consider the all aspects of product life cycle.
The essence of design lies in the completion of the
scheme drawing, the most adding value stage in design
process.
So, the aim of design education at university is to teach
students how to produce a scheme drawing.
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References
1. Hatamura, Y. and Yamamoto, Y., 1999, The Practice of MachineDesign, Oxford University Press, New York.
2. Ertas, Atila, and Jones, J. C., 1996, The Engineering DesignProcess, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
3. Waldron, M. B., and Waldron, K. J., 1996, Mechanical Design,Springer-Verlag, Inc. New York.
4. Pahl, G., and Beitz, W., Engineering Design, 1996, A SystematicApproach, Springer-Verlag, Inc. London.
5. Ullman, D. G., 1992, The Mechanical Design Process, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.
6. Zeid, Ibrahim, 1991, CAD/CAM Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill, Inc..
7. Dieter, G. E., 1991, Engineering Design: A Materials andProcessing Approach, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
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