L3 Grammar

Kitchen Sink ReviewSummer 2013

Part 1: Verb Tense Review

Simple Present

Habits, routines, facts, states or conditionsI drink coffee. He usually goes home at 5:00 pm.Sharks live in the ocean.She has three children. (stative!)He feels tired right now. (stative!)Do you think learning English is easy? (stative!)He doesn’t look like a very nice person. (stative!)

Present Progressive

Something that is happening now, is in progress.I am still drinking my coffee. I’m not finished.He is driving home from school.Sharks are trying to survive despite pollution.She is having* a good day. Are you enjoying your time in the U.S.?He isn’t looking at the car in front of him.

Present Perfect

Statements:Subject + have/has + past participle

Questions:(Wh) + have/has + subject + past participle

Present Perfect

Statements:Subject + have/has + past participle

I + have + lived here for 6 months.She + has + bought a car.

Present Perfect

Questions:

(Wh) + have/has + subject + past participle Where have you been in the U.S.?

Who have you met since you moved to Denver?

Have you seen the movie Man of Steel?

Present Perfect

Why do we use the present perfect?

(Hint: 3 reasons)

Why … present perfect?

1. Actions or states started in the past and continue up to now. (since / for)2. Actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past. (experience)3. Actions that were repeated in the past and might be repeated again.

Why… present perfect progressive?

Actions that started in past and are in progress now.

Ex 1: I have been driving since I was sixteen.Ex 2: He has been sleeping for twenty hours! Is he ill?

PP or PPP?

Habitual or long term activities that continue now use either PP or PPP.

Ex 1: I have been working at the ELC since 2007.Ex 2: I have worked at the ELC since 2007.

PP or PPP?

An activity that is still in progress without stopping uses the present perfect progressive with duration words.

Ex: He has been sleeping for twenty hours!We’ve been walking for a long time. Let’s stop for a bit.

Why…past perfect?

To contrast two events or activities in the past.To make the order of different past events more clear.

Past Perfect• Subject + had + past participle• By his 6th birthday, he had already learned to

ride a bike.

Time words with past perfect

After + past perfect clause, simple past clause

Before + simple past clause, past perfect clause

By the time + simple past clause, past perfect clause

By + year or time phrase

ALWAYS use past perfect with by and by the time.

By 1890, the University of Denver had already opened.

I had already finished my work by the time he arrived.

Verb Tense Practice

questions taken from Englishpage.com

Adapted by Jessica Montgomerie

1.When I (arrive) ______ home last night, I discovered that my husband __________ (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner.

2. Since Mike began acting, he ____ (perform) in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, he ____(speak, never) publicly before he came to Hollywood in 1985.

3. Monday the worst day of my life! By the time I got to the office, an important meeting ____(begin, already) without me. My boss (be) ____furious with me and I (be) ___ fired.

4. When I ___ (turn) the radio on yesterday, I ____(hear) a song that ____ (be) popular when I was in high school.

5. Last week, I ___(run) into an old friend of mine. We ______(see, not) each other for years. I ____ (enjoy) talking to her so much that I _____(ask) for her new phone number. We ______(meet) for dinner next Friday.

6. I ___(visit) so many beautiful places since I ____(come) to Colorado. Before moving here, I ____(hear, never) of Pike’s Peak, Aspen, Sand Dunes, or Red Rocks.

The Answers1. arrived, had prepared2. Has performed, had never spoken3. Had already begun, was, was4. Turned, heard, was5. Ran, hadn’t seen, enjoyed, asked, will meet

(are going to meet)

6. Have visited, came, had never heard

Part 2: Passive Voice

Why we use it

The object in the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence.

The fish ate the man.

The man was eaten by the fish.

We use passive to emphasize the person or thing that receives the action.

Form of the Passive

• Surfers are attacked by sharks.

Be + past participle

Be can be in all verb tense: is, are, am, was, were, has been, have been, etc.

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs = a verb that is NOT followed by an object

Active: I slept very well.

Passive:(NOT POSSIBLE)

Part 3: Adjective Clauses

Two patterns (for Level 3)

• Pattern 1: The relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

• Pattern 2: The relative pronoun is the object

of the verb in the clause.

Pattern 1: The relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

I thanked the woman. She helped me open the door. I thanked the woman who/that helped me open the door. I want you to hear the song. It always makes me feel better. I want you to hear the song that/which always makes me feel better.

Pattern 2: The relative pronoun is the object of the verb in the clause.

The woman helped me open the door. I thanked her.

The woman that/whom/who/0 I thanked had helped me open the door. The bus is usually on time. I take it to campus.

The bus that/which /0 I take to campus is usually on time.

Which sentences are correct?

1. The teachers I had last quarter were very nice.

2. The teachers that I had last quarter were very nice.

3. The teachers that I had them last quarter were very nice.

Which sentences are correct?

1. The teachers I had last quarter were very nice. YES

2. The teachers that I had last quarter were very nice. YES

3. The teachers that I had them last quarter were very nice. NO

Which sentences are correct?

1. The tree who is in front of my apartment has large white blossoms.

2. The tree is in front of my apartment has large white blossoms.

3. The tree which is in front of my apartment has large white blossoms.

Which sentences are correct?

1. The tree who is in front of my apartment has large white blossoms. NO

2. The tree * is in front of my apartment has large white blossoms. NO

3. The tree that is in front of my apartment has large white blossoms. YES

Adjective Clause Practice

Subject PronounsObject Pronouns

#1

The boy was upset. He lost his toy.

ANSWERS #1

The boy who lost his toy was upset. ORThe boy that lost his toy was upset.

We MUST include the relative pronoun because it is the subject of the clause.

#2

The red sweater is beautiful. Jessica bought it yesterday.

#2

that

The red sweater which Jessica bought yesterday is beautiful. Ø

Why do we have 3 choices?

#3

The doctor was very professional.

The hospital hired him.

#3 who

The doctor whom the hospital hired was very professional.

that Ø

Why do we have 3 choices?What happened to the word “him”?

#4

My neighbor who/that is a taxi driver is very good with directions.

We MUST include the relative pronoun because it is the subject of the clause.

#4

My neighbor is very good with directions. He’s a taxi driver.