Lab Equipment and Lab Equipment and Volume Volume

BeakerBeaker

Beakers hold solids Beakers hold solids or liquids that will or liquids that will not release gases not release gases when reacted or are when reacted or are unlikely to splatter unlikely to splatter if stirred or heated.if stirred or heated.

Erlenmeyer FlaskErlenmeyer Flask

Erlenmeyer flasks Erlenmeyer flasks hold solids or liquids hold solids or liquids that may release that may release gases during a gases during a reaction or that are reaction or that are likely to splatter if likely to splatter if stirred or heated.stirred or heated.

Graduated CylinderGraduated Cylinder

A graduated A graduated cylinder is used cylinder is used to measure to measure volumes of volumes of liquids.liquids.

Test Test TubesTubes

Test Tube HolderTest Tube Holder

A test tube holder A test tube holder is useful for is useful for holding a test holding a test tube which is too tube which is too hot to handle.hot to handle.

Test Tube BrushesTest Tube Brushes

Test tube brushes Test tube brushes are used to clean are used to clean test tubes and test tubes and graduated cylinders.graduated cylinders.Forcing a large brush Forcing a large brush into a small test tube into a small test tube will often break the will often break the tube.tube.

Test Tube RacksTest Tube Racks

Test tube racks are for holding and Test tube racks are for holding and organizing test tubes on the laboratory organizing test tubes on the laboratory counter. Plastic racks may melt in contact counter. Plastic racks may melt in contact with very hot test tubes.with very hot test tubes.

Rubber StoppersRubber Stoppers

Rubber stoppers are Rubber stoppers are used to close used to close containers to avoid containers to avoid spillage or spillage or contamination.contamination.Containers should Containers should never be heated when never be heated when there is a stopper in there is a stopper in place.place.

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Test Tube HolderTest Tube Holder

A test tube holder A test tube holder is useful for is useful for holding a test holding a test tube which is too tube which is too hot to handle.hot to handle.

Test Tube BrushesTest Tube Brushes

Test tube brushes Test tube brushes are used to clean are used to clean test tubes and test tubes and graduated cylinders.graduated cylinders.Forcing a large brush Forcing a large brush into a small test tube into a small test tube will often break the will often break the tube.tube.

Test Tube RacksTest Tube Racks

Test tube racks are for holding and Test tube racks are for holding and organizing test tubes on the laboratory organizing test tubes on the laboratory counter. Plastic racks may melt in contact counter. Plastic racks may melt in contact with very hot test tubes.with very hot test tubes.

Rubber StoppersRubber Stoppers

Rubber stoppers are Rubber stoppers are used to close used to close containers to avoid containers to avoid spillage or spillage or contamination.contamination.Containers should Containers should never be heated when never be heated when there is a stopper in there is a stopper in place.place.

Spot PlatesSpot Plates

Spot plates are used Spot plates are used when we want to when we want to perform many small perform many small scale reactions at one scale reactions at one time. We will use these time. We will use these many times during the many times during the year. year.

Watch GlassWatch Glass

A watch glass is A watch glass is used to hold a small used to hold a small amount of solid, amount of solid, such as the product such as the product of a reaction.of a reaction.

Glass Stir RodGlass Stir Rod

A glass rod is used to A glass rod is used to manually stir manually stir solutions. It can also solutions. It can also be used to transfer a be used to transfer a single drop of a single drop of a solution.solution.

Litmus Litmus PaperPaper

RedRed litmus paper litmus paper is used to is used to identify bases.identify bases.

BlueBlue litmus paper litmus paper is used to is used to identify acids.identify acids.

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Spot PlatesSpot Plates

Spot plates are used Spot plates are used when we want to when we want to perform many small perform many small scale reactions at one scale reactions at one time. We will use these time. We will use these many times during the many times during the year. year.

Watch GlassWatch Glass

A watch glass is A watch glass is used to hold a small used to hold a small amount of solid, amount of solid, such as the product such as the product of a reaction.of a reaction.

Glass Stir RodGlass Stir Rod

A glass rod is used to A glass rod is used to manually stir manually stir solutions. It can also solutions. It can also be used to transfer a be used to transfer a single drop of a single drop of a solution.solution.

Litmus Litmus PaperPaper

RedRed litmus paper litmus paper is used to is used to identify bases.identify bases.

BlueBlue litmus paper litmus paper is used to is used to identify acids.identify acids.

ForcepsForceps

Forceps (or tweezers) are used to pick up Forceps (or tweezers) are used to pick up small objects.small objects.

FunnelFunnel

A funnel is A funnel is used to aid in used to aid in the transfer of the transfer of liquid from one liquid from one vessel to vessel to another.another.

Medicine DropperMedicine Dropper

A medicine dropper A medicine dropper is used to transfer is used to transfer a small volume of a small volume of liquid (less than liquid (less than one mL).one mL).

On top of each medicine dropper is a On top of each medicine dropper is a ““rubber bulbrubber bulb””

Disposable PipetDisposable Pipet• Used for Used for

transferring transferring liquidsliquids

• Single useSingle use

Mohr PipetMohr Pipet

A Mohr pipet A Mohr pipet measures and measures and delivers exact delivers exact volumes of volumes of liquids.liquids.

Wash BottleWash Bottle

A wash bottle has a A wash bottle has a spout that delivers a spout that delivers a wash solution to a wash solution to a specific area. specific area. Distilled water is the Distilled water is the only liquid that only liquid that should be used in a should be used in a wash bottle.wash bottle.

Weighing BoatWeighing Boat

Weighing boats are used Weighing boats are used to weigh solids that will to weigh solids that will be transferred to be transferred to another vessel.another vessel.

SpatulasSpatulas

Spatulas are used to Spatulas are used to dispense solid dispense solid chemicals from their chemicals from their containers. containers. Chemicals should Chemicals should never be transferred never be transferred with your bare with your bare hands.hands.

Bunsen BurnerBunsen Burner

Bunsen burners are Bunsen burners are used for the heating used for the heating of nonvolatile liquids of nonvolatile liquids and solids.and solids.

Evaporating DishEvaporating Dish

The evaporating dish The evaporating dish is used for the heating is used for the heating of stable solid of stable solid compounds and compounds and elements.elements.

CrucibleCrucible

Crucibles are used Crucibles are used for heating certain for heating certain solids, particularly solids, particularly metals, to very high metals, to very high temperatures.temperatures.

Clay TriangleClay Triangle

The clay triangle is The clay triangle is used as a support for used as a support for porcelein crucibles porcelein crucibles when being heated when being heated over a Bunsen over a Bunsen burner.burner.

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Bunsen BurnerBunsen Burner

Bunsen burners are Bunsen burners are used for the heating used for the heating of nonvolatile liquids of nonvolatile liquids and solids.and solids.

Evaporating DishEvaporating Dish

The evaporating dish The evaporating dish is used for the heating is used for the heating of stable solid of stable solid compounds and compounds and elements.elements.

CrucibleCrucible

Crucibles are used Crucibles are used for heating certain for heating certain solids, particularly solids, particularly metals, to very high metals, to very high temperatures.temperatures.

Clay TriangleClay Triangle

The clay triangle is The clay triangle is used as a support for used as a support for porcelein crucibles porcelein crucibles when being heated when being heated over a Bunsen over a Bunsen burner.burner.

Crucible TongsCrucible Tongs

For handling hot For handling hot crucibles; also used to crucibles; also used to pick up other hot pick up other hot objects. objects. NOTNOT to be to be used for picking up used for picking up beakers! beakers!

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponents

Ringstands are a safe and Ringstands are a safe and convenient way to convenient way to perform reactions that perform reactions that require heating using a require heating using a Bunsen burner.Bunsen burner.

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponentsIron RingsIron Rings

Iron rings connect to Iron rings connect to a ringstand and a ringstand and provide a stable, provide a stable, elevated platform for elevated platform for the reaction.the reaction.

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponents

Utility ClampsUtility Clamps

Utility clamps are used Utility clamps are used to secure test tubes, to secure test tubes, distillation columns, distillation columns, and burets to the and burets to the ringstand.ringstand.

BuretBuret

• Used to deliver Used to deliver volumes of liquid volumes of liquid in a controlled in a controlled manner to a manner to a reaction (titration)reaction (titration)

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponents

Double Buret ClampsDouble Buret ClampsDouble Buret Double Buret clamps are used clamps are used to burets – long to burets – long graduated tubes graduated tubes used in titration.used in titration.

Ringstands and their Ringstands and their ComponentsComponentsWire GauzeWire Gauze

Wire gauze sits on the Wire gauze sits on the iron ring to provide a iron ring to provide a place to stand a beaker. place to stand a beaker.

LighterLighter

Lighters are used to Lighters are used to light Bunsen burners. light Bunsen burners.

Hot Plate / StirrerHot Plate / Stirrer

• Used for heating and/or stirring solutionsUsed for heating and/or stirring solutions– Stirring requires a magnetic stir barStirring requires a magnetic stir bar

Reading the MeniscusReading the Meniscus

Always read volume from the bottom of the meniscus. The meniscus is the curved surface of a liquid in a narrow cylindrical container.

Try to avoid parallax errors.Try to avoid parallax errors.ParallaxParallax errorserrors arise when a meniscus or arise when a meniscus or needle is viewed from an angle rather than needle is viewed from an angle rather than from straight-on at eye level.from straight-on at eye level.

Correct: Viewing the meniscus

at eye level

Incorrect: viewing the meniscus

from an angle

Graduated CylindersGraduated Cylinders

The glass cylinder has etched marks to indicate volumes, a pouring lip, and quite often, a plastic bumper to prevent breakage.

Measuring VolumeMeasuring Volume

Determine the volume contained in a graduated cylinder by reading the bottom of the meniscus at eye level. Read the volume using all certain digits and one uncertain digit.

Certain digits are determined from the calibration marks on the cylinder. The uncertain digit (the last digit of the reading) is estimated.

Use the graduations to find all Use the graduations to find all certain digitscertain digits

There are two unlabeled graduations below the meniscus, and each graduation represents 1 mL, so the certain digits of the reading are…

52 mL.

Estimate the uncertain digit and Estimate the uncertain digit and take a readingtake a reading

The meniscus is about eight tenths of the way to the next graduation, so the final digit in the reading is .

The volume in the graduated cylinder is

0.8 mL

52.8 mL.

10 mL Graduate10 mL GraduateWhat is the volume of liquid in the graduate?

_ . _ _ mL6 26

25mL graduated cylinder 25mL graduated cylinder What is the volume of liquid in the graduate?

_ _ . _ mL1 1 5

100mL graduated cylinder 100mL graduated cylinder What is the volume of liquid in the graduate?

_ _ . _ mL5 2 7

Self TestSelf TestExamine the meniscus below and determine the volume of liquid contained in the graduated cylinder.

The cylinder contains:

_ _ . _ mL7 6 0

• This powerpoint was created by Andy This powerpoint was created by Andy Allen and adapted by Charles HermansenAllen and adapted by Charles Hermansen