LAND PLANTS AND THEIR LAND PLANTS AND THEIR EVOLUTION EVOLUTION

Chapter 19Chapter 19

Characteristics of PlantsCharacteristics of Plants

Multicellular autotrophsMulticellular autotrophsCell wall of celluloseCell wall of celluloseFood stored as starchFood stored as starchEvolved from green algaeEvolved from green algaePrimarily terrestrialPrimarily terrestrial

PROBLEMS OF LIFE ON LANDPROBLEMS OF LIFE ON LANDPROBLEMPROBLEM SOLUTIONSOLUTION

Obtain waterObtain water Roots and root hairsRoots and root hairs

Transport water, Transport water, foodfood

XylemXylem

phloemphloem

Prevent Prevent dessicationdessication

Cutin, drop leaves, Cutin, drop leaves, stomatesstomates

GravityGravity Cell walls, lignin, xylemCell walls, lignin, xylem

Obtain CO2Obtain CO2 StomatesStomates

ReproduceReproduce Pollen—spermPollen—sperm

Protect EmbryoProtect Embryo Seeds, FruitSeeds, Fruit

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom

Non VascularNon VascularVascularVascular

BryophytesBryophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes

Mosses Mosses

LiverwortsLiverworts

BRYOPHYTESBRYOPHYTES Mosses and LiverwortsMosses and Liverworts1.1. No vascular tissue (xylem and No vascular tissue (xylem and

phloem)phloem)

2.2. No true roots, stems, flowers No true roots, stems, flowers or leavesor leaves

3.3. Tiny!Tiny!

4.4. Water is required for Water is required for fertilizationfertilization

5.5. Gametophyte generation is Gametophyte generation is dominant.dominant.

MOSS ANATOMYMOSS ANATOMY AntheridiumAntheridium: Reproductive : Reproductive

structure that makes spermstructure that makes sperm

ArchegoniumArchegonium: Reproductive : Reproductive structure that makes eggsstructure that makes eggs

ProtonemaProtonema: A filament that : A filament that grows into a new plantgrows into a new plant

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONSALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

GAMETOPHYTE: plant GAMETOPHYTE: plant generation that produces generation that produces gametesgametes

SPOROPHYTE: Plant generation SPOROPHYTE: Plant generation that produces sporesthat produces spores

Plant Life CyclePlant Life CycleALTERNATION OF GENERATIONSALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

2N n

Diploid haploid

MOSS LIFE CYCLE: MOSS LIFE CYCLE: Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations

Antheridia and Antheridia and ArchegoniaArchegonia

Figure 29.16x Moss life cycleFigure 29.16x Moss life cycle

Figure 29.16x Moss life cycleFigure 29.16x Moss life cycle

Figure 29.18 A moss sporangium with a “spore-shaker” tipFigure 29.18 A moss sporangium with a “spore-shaker” tip

MOSS PROTONEMAMOSS PROTONEMA

Haploid or Haploid or diploid?diploid?

Figure 29.16x Moss life cycleFigure 29.16x Moss life cycle

Figure 29.19 Figure 29.19 SphagnumSphagnum, or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin , or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin (top), closeup of (top), closeup of SphagnumSphagnum (bottom left), (bottom left), Sphagnum Sphagnum "leaf" (bottom right)"leaf" (bottom right)

Figure 29.19x A peat moss bog in NorwayFigure 29.19x A peat moss bog in Norway

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 1)a moss (Layer 1)

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 2)a moss (Layer 2)

Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 3)a moss (Layer 3)

LIVERWORT THALLUS (LEAF-LIKE BODY)LIVERWORT THALLUS (LEAF-LIKE BODY)

GEMMAE CUPS: GEMMAE CUPS: ASEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

Female liverworts with archegoniaFemale liverworts with archegonia

This is a female liverwort. This is a female liverwort.

Male liverworts with antheridiaMale liverworts with antheridia

Gemmae Gemmae cupscups

What Sex are these What Sex are these liverworts?liverworts?