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Seite 1 07.06.2012
Landfill ban for organic / biodegradable waste …. Landfill acceptance criteria for MBT - material
Vienna, May 29th 2012
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Waste Management
Division VI/3 “Waste Management and Cleaning Up of Contaminated Sites”
Seite 3 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)
3.895 million tonnes
Seite 4 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)
in t
Seite 5 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)
Thermal treatment
MBT Landfilling
Recovery of biogenic waste
Recovery of recoverables
(separate collection)
Hazardous
household waste
& waste electrical
and electronic
equipment (WEEE)
landfill ban
Seite 6 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)
Landfilling
Landfilling of all waste from treatment (1989 - 2009)
landfill ban
Seite 7 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)
Seite 9
MBT-Plants in Austria (2010)
16 Plants MBT capacity
authorised: 741.100 t/a
stage of development: 684.000 t/a
Municipal waste incineration plants: 10 plants
Incineration capacity for municipal waste: 2.300.000 t/a
Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)
aerobic treatment 16
anaerobic-aerobic treatment 0
9 MBT-plants under IPPC-Directive;
capacity 555.000 t/a (≈ 80 % of MBT capacity)
Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning
integrated pollution prevention and control
Seite 10
MBT-Plants in Austria (2010)
Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)
Seite 11
MBT-Plants in Austria - Study
State of the Art of MBT in Austria –
Status Report 2006
Report 0071
Environment Agency Austria (2006)
Contents:
Legal framework
Detailed description of MBT-plants
Treatment capacities and flow rates
(in the years 2003 – 2005)
Overall view for Austria
Current Status - State of the Art
Download:
http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltschutz/abfall/
behandlung/mba/ist-stand/
or: http://www.lebensministerium.at/umwelt/abfall-ressourcen/behandlung-
verwertung/behandlung-mechanisch/MBA.html
Seite 12
treatment since
Data Source: Report 0071 of Environment Agency Austria (data from 2005)
„old plants“ established in the 1970s/1980s
„new plants“ established after 2002
+ Lavant (installation permit 2006)
+ Hartberg (installation permit 2009)
+/- adjustment to the state of the art
Seite 13
Initial aim of MBT in Austria
Pre-Treatment of waste before landfill
Simple treatment steps, low technical standard,
main targets:
Removal of water
(less weight for landfill less costs)
Hygienisation of waste
Odour reduction
Early treatment plants
= Residual waste & sludge hygienisation plants
Seite 14
Aim of MBT in Austria today
Pre-Treatment of waste before landfill & thermal
treatment
Stabilization of organic compounds prior landfill
( less landfill gas & less landfill leachate, …)
Stabilization of waste prior thermal treatment
Separation of high calorific value fractions / generation
of refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
Removal of recyclables (ferrous & non-ferrous metals)
Modern treatment plants
= mechanical-biological treatment
Seite 16
Legal Framework - AWG
Waste Management Act 1990
(Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz, AWG 1990)
Legal framework for waste treatment in Austria
Replaced by Waste Management Act 2002 (AWG 2002)
The Waste Management Act of 2002
extensively reformulated the former
Waste Management Act of 1990, and
nine Provincial Acts were adopted to
bring waste management regulations
into compliance with EU law. This
also contributed substantially to a
simplification in the administration.
Seite 17
Waste Management Act 1990 and related Ordinances, e.g.:
• 2001 Artikelverordnung for MBT incl. 30. BImSchV (Germany)
Legal Framework - Ordinances
• 1990 Waste Management Act 1990
• 1992 Ordinance on the Separate Collection of Biogenic Waste
• 1996 Ordinance of the Federal Minister for the Environment
concerning deposit of wastes ("Landfill Ordinance")
• 2001 Ordinance on Quality Requirements for Compost from
Waste (Compost Ordinance)
• 2002 Waste Management Act 2002
• 2008 New: Ordinance on Landfills (Landfill Ordinance 2008)
• 2004 Amendment to the Landfill Ordinance
• 2002 MBT-Guideline (Austria)
• 2006 BAT “Waste Treatments Industries” (EU)
MBT - State of the Art
Seite 18
Landfill Ordinance 1996 – Landfill Ban
Art. 5 Prohibition of Waste Disposal in Landfills
pre-treatment of waste: thermal treatment or MBT
MBT: separation of fractions of high calorific value
The disposal of the following types of waste is forbidden:
… 7. Wastes containing more than 5 percent by weight of
organic carbon (TOC); excepted therefrom shall be
…f) Wastes from mechanico-biological pre-treatment which are
stored in separated cells of mass-waste landfills, to the extent that
the combustion value (upper calorific value) of these wastes,
determined from the dry substance, does not exceed 6,000 kJ/kg.
The mixing of wastes from mechanico-biological pre-treatment
with materials or wastes of low calorific value, in order to meet the
above-mentioned limit, is not permitted.
Seite 19
Long Transitional provisions for landfill-ban
Landfill-ban: Entry into force with December 31th, 2004 BUT: Exceptions (E) possible!
by ordinances of the governors of federal provinces:
Federal Province Landfilling of untreated waste till
Burgenland December 31th 2004 (E)
Carinthia December 31th 2008 (E)
Lower Austria December 31th 2003
Upper Austria December 31th 2003
Salzburg December 31th 2003
Styria December 31th 2003
Tyrol December 31th 2008 (E)
Vorarlberg December 31th 2008 (E)
Vienna December 31th 2008 (E)
Seite 20
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Pro
zen
t [%
]
RED 9,4 25,8 20,1 20,3 19,6
UNB 2,9 1,3 1,0 1,1 1,2
MBA 0 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2
MA 1,6 0,7 0,5 0,6 0,5
IND 0 1,3 1,9 1,8 2,2
VWT 2,6 2,6 2,6 2,8 2,7
DEP 59,5 23,9 30,3 29,9 27,4
AV 24,0 44,3 43,4 43,3 46,2
2003
(8_MBA)
2004
(13_MBA)
2005
(13_MBA)
2006
(14_MBA)
2007
(14_MBA)
RED: Masseverlust im Vergleich
Gesamtinput und -output;
UNB: Unbekannter Verbleib;
MBA: Mechanisch-biologische
Abfallbehandlung;
MA: Mechanische
Abfallbehandlung;
IND: Industrielle Mitverbrennung;
VWT: Stoffliche Verwertung;
DEP: Deponierung;
AV: Abfallverbrennung
MBT Waste Output (2003-2007)*
* max. 14 Anlagen
bilanziert
Quelle: Neubauer & Walter (2008)
Seite 21
Landfill Ordinance 1996 – Definition MBT
Art. 2 Definitions
26. Mechanico-biological pre-treatment is defined as a
combination of mechanical and biological operating processes used
in the pre-treatment of waste. The purpose of the mechanical
processes is to separate substances which are rather unsuitable for
biological treatment, interfering substances and pollutants, as well as
to optimize the biological degradation of remaining wastes by
increasing both availability and homogeneity. The purpose of the
biological processes is to degrade remaining organic substances to
the greatest extent possible (degradation and conversion of
biologically degradable substances) by the application of anaerobo-
aerobic or aerobic procedures. Mechanico-biologically pre-treated
waste is characterized by a marked reduction in volume, water
content and gas formation potential, as well as a significant
improvement in leaching and settlement behavior.
Seite 22
Landfill Ordinance – Amendment 2004
Annex 1 Limit values for pollutant contents for mass-waste
landfills:
improvement of biological treatment in MBT (quality and duration
of treatment)
Biological stability parameters were added as criteria for the
landfilling of MBT-derived waste on mass-waste landfills:
Respiration activity after 4 days (AT4) 7 mg O2/g TS
Gas generation by incubation test after 21 days (GS21) or
gas generation by fermentation after 21 days (GB21)
20 Nl/kg TS
Aim of limit values reduction of gas formation in landfills
> 90 % (compared to untreated waste)
Seite 23
Anaerobic test: Gas generation
in 21 days (Eudiometer)
Gas generation by incubation test (GS21)
Image source: ABF, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna
ÖNORM S 2027-2 (Draft 2011)
Seite 24
Aerobic test: Oxygen
consumption in 4 days
(Sapromat)
Respiration activity (AT4)
Image source: ABF, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna
ÖNORM S 2027-4 (Draft 2011)
Seite 25
Waste Management Act 2002
• Section 3: General Duties of Waste Holders
Important Contents:
• Section 4: Waste Collectors and Processors
• Section 6: Treatment Facilities
Art. 37 Authorisation and Notification Requirement for Stationary
Treatment Plants
Art. 39 Application and permit
Art. 57 Updating of Stipulations for IPPC Treatment Plants
Art. 60 Recording and Reporting Requirements for IPPC Treatment
Plants and Incineration or Co-incineration Plants
Art. 65 Detailed Provisions for Treatment Plants authorization to issue ordinances e.g. detailed provisions
regarding state-of-the-art equipment and operating modes for
treatment plants (e.g. landfills, MBT-plants)
Seite 26
Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and
procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to
Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC (2033/33/EG) –
“Landfill Decision”
Landfill Ordinance 2008
Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 5 April 2006 on waste – „Waste Framework Directive“
Council Directive 1999/31/EG of 26. April 1999
on the landfill of waste - „Landfill Directive“
For compliance with EU law:
Seite 28
Landfill Ordinance 2008 – Landfill Ban
Art. 7 Prohibition of Waste Disposal in Landfills
The disposal of the following types of waste is forbidden:
…
7. Wastes containing more than 5 percent by weight of organic
carbon (TOC); excepted therefrom shall be
…
f) Wastes from mechanical-biological treatment which are landfilled
in mass-waste landfills, in compliance with the limit values of
Annex 1 tables 9 and 10 and of Annex 4 part 2 chapter 4. The
mixing of wastes from mechanical-biological treatment with
materials or wastes of low calorific value, in order to meet these
limit values, is according to Art. 6 paragraph 2 inadmissible.
Seite 29
Limut values for the acceptance of MBT-derived wastes
on a mass-waste landfill:
Upper calorific value and
stability parameters Annex 1, Table 9
Content of the solids (total content) Annex 1, Table 9
Content in the aqueous eluate Annex 1, Table 10
Upper calorific value 6.600 kJ/kg TM
Respiration activity after 4 days (AT4) 7 mg O2/g TS
Gas generation by incubation test after 21 days (GS21) or
gas generation by fermentation after 21 days (GB21)
20 Nl/kg TS
Landfill Ordinance 2008 – Limit Values
Seite 30
Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and
procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article
16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC (Landfill Decision)
Waste acceptance procedure:
Waste Acceptance on Landfills
Basic Characterisation
Compliance Testing
On-site Verification
Seite 31
1. Basic characterisation:
Constitutes a full characterisation of the waste by gathering all the necessary
information for a safe disposal of the waste in the long term. Basic
characterisation is required for each type of waste.
2. Compliance Testing:
For waste streams; to determine if it complies with the results of the
basic characterisation and the relevant acceptance criteria
3. On-site Verification:
Waste delivered to a landfill shall be visually inspected before and after
unloading. The required documentation shall be checked. If necessary:
analytical test (appropriate rapid test methods)
Waste Acceptance Procedure
Seite 32
Landfilling of MBT-wastes Operation of landfills (Landfill Ordinance 2008)
Provisions for depositing wastes from MBT (Annex 3, Chapter 6.2)
To ensure better accessibility for vehicles and compactability, wastes from MBT
shall be emplaced as far as possible during dry weather;
Ensure a water content at depositing below the Proctor water content in order to
prevent excess pore-water pressure; avoid emplacement of wastes that are
too moist;
Landfill sections where waste is not deposited shall be temporarily covered
(minimise the entry of precipitation); durable intermediate covers shall not
result in the formation of barriers (no embedding of water);
if necessary horizontal and vertical drainage layers shall be provided; if possible,
connected to the base drainage system and the gas drainage layer of the
surface cover (allow draining and degassing of the landfill body);
Proof of stability: take into account the characteristics of the waste from MBT
(e.g. reduced tensile stresses, water regime and settling)
Seite 33
Generation of waste-compost
According to the Compost Ordinance, waste-compost:
Can be produced from (input materials: Annex 1 Part 3):
- Municipal waste and household-type industrial waste
delivered through the waste collection system (residual waste);
- municipal and industrial sewage sludge from wastewater
treatment (according to limit values in table 2);
- biogenic wastes that, in accordance with the Ordinance on the
separate collection of biogenic wastes, are exempted from the
obligation of separate collection due to their pollutant content.
Can be used only for (restricted application):
- Biofilter materials (exhaust gas treatment);
- As a mixing component to produce and maintain a recultivation
layer on landfills, except for excavated-soil landfills.
Seite 34
Community law
Landfill Directive
Council Directive 1999/31/EC of April 1999 on the landfill of waste,
amended by Directive 2011/97/EU as regards specific criteria for the
storage of metallic mercury considered as waste
Landfill Decision
Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and
procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Art.
16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31EC (2003/33/EC)
Seite 35
Reduction of biodegradable waste –
Art. 5 Landfill Directive (1999)
Biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced
Basis for the calculation of the reduction is the total amount of biodegradable
municipal waste
– produced in 1995 or
– the latest year before 1995 for which standardised EUROSTAT data is
available
Reduction targets:
To 75 % until 2006
To 50 % until 2009
To 35 % until 2016
MS may postpone the attainment of the reduction targets not exceeding four
years, if more than 80 % of the collected municipal waste is put on landfills in
the basis year
Seite 36
Judgment of the Court, C-6/03, 2005
1. It is not contrary to Article 5(1) and (2) that measures
– fix limits lower than those fixed by the directive, even if those limits call for
treatment by mechanical and biological processes or the incineration of
such waste before it is landfilled
– fix earlier time-limits
– apply not only to biodegradable waste but also to non-biodegradable
organic substances, and
– apply not only to municipal waste but also to waste that may be disposed
of as municipal waste.
2. If a measure of domestic law pursues the same objectives as a directive,
Article 176 EC authorises the minimum requirements laid down by that
directive to be exceeded. The Community-law principle of proportionality is
not applicable, inasmuch as other provisions of the Treaty are not involved.
Seite 37
Art. 5 Landfill Directive
Member States are completely free in their choice of
measures
The Landfill Directive states no hierarchy in treatment
options and
does not stipulate any quality standards for the several
treatment options (other Directives only partially –
WID)
The Landfill Directive just focuses on the reduction
targets