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Anatomical Landmarks of
maxilla and mandible
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Anatomical landmarks What is landmark?
It is an object which is significant and important
The role of making denture is to replace function andappearance and create a restoration which is inharmony with the oral enviroment, the knowledge oflandmarks of the maxilla and the mandible help us toachieve this role
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Landmarks of the maxilla Labial frenum
Incisive papilla
Labial sulcus
Buccal frenum Buccal sulcus
Rugea area
Palatine raphe
Maxillary tuberosity
Hamular notch
Fovea palatine
Vibrating line
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Landmarks of the mandible Labial frenum
Labial sulcus
Buccal frenum Buccal sulcus
(vestibule)
Lingual frenum
Mylohyoid ridge
Retromolar pad area
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Anatomical landmarks Sulci: the alveolar ridges are defined labially
and buccally by a trough of soft tissues called
the sulcus. The sulcus is formed by thereflection of mucosa overlying the ridges into
the lips and cheeks
The lower alveolar ridge also posses lingualsulculs formed by the reflection of mucosa
into the tissues of the floor of the mouth
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Within the sulcus are seen frenal attachments
which are fibrous bands of mucous membrane
Each the upper and the lower jaw have labialfrenum in the midline area, also each jaw has
two buccal frenam on the premolar area
The lower jaw has lingual frenum on themidline of the lingual sulcus and is attached to
the underside of the tongue
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The palate: the palate in the upper jaw
consists of the hard palate anteriorly and the
soft palate posteriorly
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Retromolar pad area:the mandibular alveolar ridge terminatesdistally in an elevated pad of soft tissues called the retromolar
pad
The tissue covering approximately the anterior third of theretromolar pad is fixed, beyond this the tissue moves duringfunctional movements of the mouth, due to the presence of
muscle tissue
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some of anatomical landmarks are considered limiting, this
means that they guides us to have optimum extension of the
complete denture, therefore to engage maximum surface area
without interupting muscles activity.
If the denture impinge on these landmarks, this will lead to
dislodgment of the denture or soreness upon those areas while
failure to cover the areas up to the limiting structure will
cause decreased retention, stability and support.
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Limiting landmarks in maxilla
1. Labial frenum: the complete denture is limited from the
anterior part by the labial frenum, thus the complete denture
must be grooved anteriorly to produce labial notch, this notch
must be deep enough not to cause interference to the labialfrenum but it should also be closley adapted around the
frenum to provide peripheral seal
2.Labial sulcus (vestibule): it runs from the labial frenum till
the buccal frenum at both sides
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Labial frenum,sulcus and buccal frenum
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3.Buccal frenum:
It needs greater clearance on buccal flange of the denture(the groove should be shallower and wider) than the labial
frenum. 4.The buccal sulcus: extends from the buccal frenum to the
hamular notch area
5.Hamular notch-It is depression situated posterior to the
maxillary tuberosity, the hamular notch limits the extensionof denture base posteriorly and the denture base should notextend beyond this notch, otherwise it will cause truama tothe overlying mucosa(pressure being on the pterygoidhamulus and interference with the pterygomandibular raphae
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Hamular
notch
Buccal
sulcus
Buccal frenum
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6.TheVibrating line-An imaginary line drawn across the
palate that marks the beginning of the movement of softpalate when the patient says ah extending from one hamularnotch to the other hamular notch;lying usually 2mm in frontof fovea palatinae.
The vibrating line defines the posterior extention of the fullyextended maxillary denture base
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Vibrating line
Vibrating line
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Limiting landmarks in the mandible
1.Labial frenum: the most anterior part of the denture base is
grooved by the labial , frenum
2.Labial vestibule -Runs from the labial frenum to the buccal
frenum on each side.Mentalis muscle is quite active in this region
3.Buccal frenum
4.Buccal vestibule- Extends posteriorly from the buccal
frenum to outside back corner of the retromolar pad
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Buccal frenum
labial frenum
Labial sulcus
Buccal sulcus
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5.Lingual frenum
6.lingual sulcus
Distally the lower denture base covers the anterior third of the
7.retromolar pad area only as buccinator fibres are inserted
into the posterior two thirds and therefore moves when
buccinator activity occurs
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Lingual frenum
Lingual sulcus
Mylohyoid groove
Retromolar pad area
Mylohyoidline
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There are also some muscles that sourround and
influence the extension and periphery of the
complete denture
For example in addition to the labial and buccle
frenum, the sulcus, the hamular notch and the
vibrating line, the upper complete denture is limited
by the fibers of the incisivuse labii superiors in thelateral incisors region
These fibers are attached to the orbicularis muscle
and limits the extension of complete denture
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Also in the canine region , there is the orgin of the
levator angulii oris that is also inserted in the
orbicularis muscle
The levator angulii oris limits denture periphery in
the canine region
The zygomatic process limits the periphery of the
denture baseThe buccinator muscle also limits the preriphery of
the denture base in the molar region
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Maxillary denture base periphery (the muscles that
influence the extension of upper denture base)
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Manibular denture perihery
In addition to the labial, buccle lingual frenum and
the sulcus, the periphery of the lower complete
denture is influnced by number of muscles
Lateral to the labial frenum, the periphery of the
lower complete denture is enhanced by the mentalis
muscle that descends to their insertion to the skin of
the chin. Further the periphery is enhanced by themuscles of incisivuse labii inferiors muscle
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More distally it is influenced by the depressor
labii inferiors, the depressor angulii oris
muscle and the tissues overlying thebuccinator muscle
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Mandibular denture base periphery (the muscles that
influence the extension of lower denture base)