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LEADERSEIP STYLES AND MOTIVATIONAL GOALSOF SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
IN PULAU PINANG
A thesis submitted to the Graduate School in partialfulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Science (Management),Universiti Utara Malaysia
bYLim Bee Lee
0 Lim Bee Lee, 3996. All rights reserved
Sekolah Siswazah(Graduate School )
Universiti Utara Malaysia
PERAKUAN KERJA TESIS(Certification Of The& Work)
Kami, yang bertandatangan, memperakukan bahawa(We, the undersigned, certify that)
LIZ4 BEE LEE
calon untuk ijazah(candidate for Ihe degree ojj Master of Science (Management)
t&h mengemukakan tesisnya yang bertajuk(has presented his/her thesis of the following title)
Leadership Style and Motivational Goals of Secondary School
Principals in Pulau Pinang.
seperti yang tercatat di muka surat tajuk dan kulit tesis(as it appears on the title page and front cover of thesis)
bahawa tesis tersebut boleh diterima dari segi bentuk serta kandungan, dan meliputibidang ilmu dengan memuaskan.(that the thesis is acceptable in form and content, and that a satisfactory knowledge of thefield is coverd by the thesis).
AJK Tesis(Thesis Committee)
Nama(Name) Dr. Nik Kamariah Nik Mat
(Penydia Uiamo/Principal Supervbor)
Tandatangan(Signature)
/
Nama(Name) Puan Norazuwa Mat
Tandatangan(Signature)
d-EL-
Nama Tandatangan(Name) (Signature)
Tarikh(Date) I I hlovember 1996
PERMISSION TO USE
In presenting this thesis to the Graduate School of Universiti Utara Malaysia in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of
Science (Management), I agree that the library of this university may make it
freely available for inspection. I also agree that permission for copying from this
thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted
by the lecturers who supervised my thesis work; or in their absence by the Dean
of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying, publication or use of
this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for financial gain shall not be
allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition
shall be given to me and to Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use from
any material in my thesis.
Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this thesis, in
whole or in part, should be addressed to:
Dean of Graduate SchoolUniversiti Utara Malaysia
06010 Sintok, Kedah Darulaman,Malaysia.
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini menyiasat perhubungan di antara stail kepimpinan pengetua sekolah
menengah dan keperluan motivasi mereka serta pembolehubah-pembolehubah
demografi (umur, jantina, urutan kelahiran dan pengalaman sebagai pengetua)
Pembolehubah bersandar, iaitu stail kepimpinan dikaji berdasarkan dimensi
pertimbangan dan penyadautamaaan struktur, sebagaimana yang diukur oleh soal
selidik deskriptif kelakuan kepimpinan (LBDQ). Pembolehubah bebas ialah
keperluan motivasi (“nAch, nAff, nPow”) sebagaimana yang didefmisikan oleh
McClelland tentang teori keperluan individu. Soal selidik diedarkan kepada 34
orang pengetua sekolah menengah di Pulau Pinang. Data dianalisis dengan
kaedah pekali pertalian Pearson, analisis varian (ANOVA), ujian-t dan teknik
multi-regresi stepwise. Dapatan daripada kajian menunjukkan bahawa kedua-dua
dimensi stail kepimpinan pengetua berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan nAch
(keperluan pencapaian) mereka. Terdapat perhubungan yang signifikan di antara
stail kepimpinan berdasarkan dimensi struktur dan nPow (keperluan kuasa).
Walau bagaimanapun, didapati tiada perhubungan di antara gaya kepimpinan dan
keperluan untuk berhubung (nAfl$ Keempat-empat pembolehubah demografi
didapati tidak menunjukkan perbezaan yang signifikan pada tahap signifikan .OS.
Dalam analisis multi-regresi stepwise, nAch dan nPow muncul sebagai peramal
utama untuk stail kepimpinan berdasarkan pertimbangan dan penyadautamaan
struktur masing-masing. Juga dapatan yang signifikan ialah pengetua-pengetua
menunjukkan dimensi pertimbangan dan penyadautamaan struktur yang tinggi.
Keperluan kuasa mempunyai perhubungan negatif dengan umur pengetua.
ii
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the relationship between leadership style of principals of
secondary schools and their motivational needs, and possible relationships among
selected demographic variables (age, gender, birth order, and years of
principalship experience) to leadership style. The dependent variable, leadership
style was investigated along the consideration and initiating structure dimension
(as measured by the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire). The
independent variables were motivational goals (nAch, nAff, and nPow) as defined
by McClelland’s trichotomy of needs theory of motivation. Questionnaires were
distributed to the principals of 34 secondary schools in Penang. The data were
analysed by using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, one-way
ANOVA, t-Test and Stepwise Multiple Regression techniques.The results of the
study indicated that both dimensions of leadership style of the principals
correlated significantly with their nAch. There is significant relationship between
leadership style along initiating structure and the nPow. However, no significant
relationship was found between leadership style and the nAff. The four
demographic variables found no significant differences at the .05 level of
significance. The nAch and nPow emerged as the main predictors of leadership
style along consideration and initiating structure dimensions respectively.
Another significant finding showed that the principals were high in both initiating
structure and consideration leadership dimensions. The nPow emerged as
inversely related to the principal’s age. Implications of the findings and
recommendations for practice and further research are presented.
1 1 1
Dedication
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to my major thesissupervisor, Dr. Nik Kamariah Nik Mat, of the School of Management, UniversitiUtara Malaysia, for her invaluable scholarly guidance, professional advice andendless patience in the preparation and completion of this thesis.
I am also grateful to Puan Norazuwa Mat of the School of Management, U.U.M.,for her constructive ideas and encouragement. For the many hours of assistanceprior to the preparation of this thesis, I express my thanks also to Prof. Dr.Milandre Nini Rusgal of the Graduate School, U.U.M.
To Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Abdul Halim, the Dean of the Graduate School,Universiti Utara Malaysia, and Dr. Azmi Zakaria, former Deputy Director ofInstitute Aminuddin Baki, currently Director of Education Negeri Sembilan, Iexpress my sincere appreciation for their help, understanding and support.
My appreciation is also extended to my principal, Mr. Loo Hock Guan and seniorassistant, Mr. Koay Teng Chin for their consistent support and encouragement.Thanks are also extended to the principals and senior assistants of the 41 schoolsin Georgetown, Penang, and the 7 schools in Butterworth, and the Department ofEducation, Penang for their co-operation without which this study would not havebeen possible.
I am greatly appreciative and indebted to V.P. Mohan of Universiti SainsMalaysia - the best mentor and editor one could wish for and valued friend - forhis keen perception in spotting stylistic flaws and painstakingly editing mywriting, and above all, his unceasing encouragement and complete faith in me allthe way.
To Chin Ai Fu, I express my gratitude for patiently helping me to run thestatistical tests on my data in the SPSS program. Zaleha Bt Md Yusof and WongYoke See also deserve a big thank you for their generosity in assisting me withthe computer graphics.
Special thanks go to Chang Fui Chin who gave freely of her time as I repeatedlyinterrupted her research so that I could do mine, and from whom I learned somuch. Thanks are also due to Hamdiah Bt Othman and Allison Lee Gim Wah fortheir constant assistance and suggestions.
Last but not least, unceasing thanks and heartfelt gratitude to those dearest to me:to my parents - whom I owe more than words can say - who gave me the love,support and understanding I needed to persevere; to my sisters Mary and Yokiand their respective families, without their wisdom, love, compassion, prayersand endless tolerance, I could not have finished this thesis.
And above all, to God, with humble thanks for His Amazing Grace.
V
CONTENTS
Permission to UseAbstrakAbstractDedicationAcknowledgementContentsList of TablesList of Figures
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1 . 1 Chapter Overview 11.2 Background of the Study 11 . 3 Context of the Problem 41.4 Research Objectives 1 11 . 5 Research Questions 1 21.6 Significance of the Study 1 31.7 Delimitations of the Study 1 51.8 Layout of the Remaining Chapters 1 7
iii. . .1 1 1
ivV
viixxi
CHAPTER TWO A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.12.22.3
2.4
2.5
Chapter OverviewLeadershipLeadership Theories2.3.1 Trait Theory2.3.2 Situational Theory2.3.3 Behavioral TheoryPast Studies on the Ohio StateLeadership StyleMotivational Goals2.5.1 Need for Affiliation2.5.2 Need for Achievement2.5.3 Need for Power
1 81 82 12 22 32 8
3 84 34 64 74 9
vi
2 . 6
2.7
2 . 8
Suggested Relationship BetweenLeadership Style and Motivational Goals2.6.1 Model of Performance Dimensions2.6.2 Social Systems TheoryPast Studies on Motivational Goalsand Leadership StylesPersonal Demographic Characteristics2.8.1 Academic Qualifications and
Experience2.8.2 Age2.8.3 Gender2.8.4 Birth Order
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.13.23.33.43.5
3.6
Chapter Overview 6 1Research Design 6 1Research Model 6 1Research Hypotheses 6 4Definition of Terms 6 53 S. 1 Conceptual Definition 6 53.5.2 Operational Definition 6 7Methodology 7 33.6.1 Population of the Study 7 33.6.2 Sampling 7 33.6.3 Data Collection and Methods 7 43.6.4 Data Collection 8 13.6.5 Data Analysis Techniques 8 23.6.6 Descriptive Statistics 8 23 -6.7 Inferential Statistics 8 23.6.8 Decision criteria 8 4
505 05 2
5 35 6
5 65 75 76 0
vii
CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.14.24.3
4.4
4.54.6
Chapter OverviewProfile of the RespondentsCorrelation Matrix4.3.1 Leadership Style and
Motivational Goals4.3.2 Leadership Style and Age,
Experiencet-Test and ANOVA Results4.4.1 Leadership Style and Gender4.4.2 Leadership Style and Birth OrderStepwise Multiple Regression ResultsOther Significant Related Findings
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.15.25.35.4
5.55.6
Chapter OverviewSummary of the FindingsImplications of the Main FindingsRecommendations and Suggestions forFuture ResearchStrength and Limitations of the StudyConclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 2 8
APPENDICESA The Managerial GridB Approximate Correspondence Among
Leadership StylesC List of Secondary Schools in GeorgetownD QuestionnaireE CorrespondenceF Pearson Product Moments Correlation
Coefficient
8 68 69 0
91
1011041041071081 1 0
116117118
122125126
139
140141143151
155
LIST OF TABLES
Table
2.1
3.1
3 . 2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3 . 1 0
3.11
4.1
4 . 2
4.3
4 . 4
Summary of Leadership Styles
Indicators for Leadership Style Variable (Consideration)
Indicators for Leadership Style Variable (Initiating Struture)
Indicators for Motivational Goals
Sample Size by Gender
Summary of Reliability Coefficients (Cronbach’s Alpha) ofPrevious Studies
Distribution of Questionnaire Items
Motivational Goals Items
Leadership Style Items
Reliability Coefficients (Cronbach’s Alpha)
Reliability Coefficient Determining Strength of Relationships
Statistical Tools and Usage
Distribution of Respondents by Age
Distribution of Respondents by Principalship Experience
Pearson Correlation Coefficients of Leadership Styles
Correlation Matrix of Leadership Style (Consideration)with nAch Items
Page
3 8
6 9
7 0
7 2
7 3
7 6
7 7
7 8
7 9
8 1
8 4
8 5
8 8
9 0
9 0
9 3
ix
4.5 Correlation Matrix of Leadership Style (Initiating Structure)with nAch Items
4 . 6 Correlation Matrix of Leadership Style (Initiating Structure)with nPow Items
4 . 7 Correlation Matrix of Leadership Styles with Age
4 . 8 Correlation Matrix of Leadership Styles with PrincipalshipExperience
4 . 9 Gender Differences in Leadership Style
4 . 1 0 Birth Order Differences and Leadership Style
4.11 Stepwise Multiple Regression Results
4 . 1 2 Responses on Leadership Style (Initiating Structure)
4.13 Responses on Leadership Style (Consideration )
5 . 1 Summary of Hypotheses Tests
9 5
100
102
103
105
107
1 0 9
112
114
117
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
2.1 Ohio State Leadership Grid 3 4
2.2 Performance Dimensions 5 3
2.3 Depiction of a Social Systems Theory 5 5
3.1 Schematic Diagram Showing Correlates of Leadership Styles 6 6
3.2 Mathematical Model showing Predictors of Leadership Styles 67
4.1 Distribution of Respondents by Gender 9 1
4 . 2 Distribution of Respondents by Birth Order 9 3
Page
xi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In the end it is impor&nt that we cannot becomewhat we need to be by remaining what we are.
de Pree (1989)
1.1 Chapter Overview
This chapter introduces the background of the study and presents an overview of
the problems pertaining to the motivational goals and leadership styles of
principals of secondary schools in Georgetown, Penang. It identifies the research
objectives and presents the research questions under study. It also attempts to
explain the significance and the limitations of the study. It concludes with an
outline of the topics to be discussed in the remaining chapters.
1.2 Background of the Study
Outstanding leadership has invariably emerged as a key characteristic of
outstanding schools. There can no longer be doubt that those seeking quality in
education must ensure its presence and that the development of potential leaders
must be given high priority (Campbell et al, 1977). The environment in education
is becoming increasingly more dynamic. As the academic environment changes,
1
The contents of
the thesis is for
internal user
only
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