Post on 04-Jan-2016
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Learning
• What is learning?• Classical Conditioning• Operant Conditioning • Applications of learning• Cognitive Learning
What is Learning?
• A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation.
• Fixed action patterns: behaviors that are driven by genetic inheritance and are species-specific.
Classical Conditioning
• Ivan P. Pavlov
• Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which an association is formed between one stimulus and another.
• Reflexes– automatic stimulus-response
connections that are “hardwired” into the brain
Classical Conditioning
• Neutral Stimulus• Unconditioned
Stimulus• Unconditioned
Response • Conditioned
Stimulus• Conditioned
Response
Related Terms
• Extinction• Spontaneous Recovery• Generalization • Discrimination
Conditioning Little Albert
Watch the video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxKfpKQzow8
Operant Conditioning
• B. F. Skinner • Thorndike’s Law of
Effect
Types of Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement• Negative reinforcement • Punishment• Response Cost
(negative punishment)
• Primary reinforcers• Secondary reinforcers• Internal reinforcers• External reinforcers
Types of Reinforcement
Continuous and Partial Reinforcement
• Continuous reinforcement • Partial reinforcement • Fixed Ratio • Variable Ratio • Fixed interval• Variable Interval
Related Terms
• Extinction• Shaping• Generalization• Discriminative stimulus• Escape learning• Learned Helplessness
Applications of Operant Conditioning
• Biofeedback• Behavior Modification• Token Economy
Applications of Classical Conditioning
• Systematic desensitization• Flooding• Aversion therapy
Other forms of Learning
• Cognitive learning• Insight• Latent learning• Observational learning
• Cultural effects?