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Lecture 1: Introduction

(New!) Media- communications and journalism in the online age -

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Lecture 1: Introduction

About the lecturer

• Academic background– BA in Communication and Public Relations (Bucharest, Romania)– MA in Management and Business Communication (Bucharest, Romania)– MA in Strategic Communication (University of Missouri, USA, Fulbright scholar) – Currently PhD candidate at the University of the West of Scotland (UK)

• Current position– Independent Public Relations Consultant

• Former clients – Romania: Coca-Cola, LaborMed Pharma, Kandia – USA: Hallmark Cards, Albert Honda, Television Bureau of Advertising– Brazil: hOw (help Our world)– Belgium: Netlog

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Lecture 1: Introduction

The course aims to:

• Present – a historical development of media– and explain notions and concepts of new media – methods and tools suitable for working with new media

• Discuss– the challenges that the emergence of new media pose to

traditional media – The implications and uses of new media for marketing and

communication oriented businesses

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Lecture 1: Introduction

The course aims to:

• Prepare– You to work with clients making full use of the opportunities given

by new media– You to fully use new media to your advantage

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What is media?• Pre-historic times?• Ancient times?• Middle Ages? • Beginning of the 20th century?• In the 1950s-1960s• End of the 20th century?• Today?

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Media - a definitionmedia |ˈmēdēə|

noun1 plural form of medium.

2 (usu. the media) [treated as sing. or pl. ] the main means of mass communication (esp. television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet) regarded collectively : [as adj.] the campaign won media attention.

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Technology

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•Think of the technologies that (could have) changed the course of media history

•Go online and find when they were invented

•Explain why you think the technology you chose is important

Technology

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1456 - the invention of the movable type printing press1844 - telegraph1867 - modern typewriter1876 - mimeograph 1877 - phonograph (later perfected into the gramophone)1877 - high speed photography1884 - the linotype printing press1888 - roll film camera1898 - answering machine 1902 - radio signals1906 - first communication of human voice

Technology

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1910 - first talking motion picture 1916 - radios with tuners1926 - world’s 1st demonstration of a mechanical

television1936 - black & white television 1947 - large screen direct view TV set1949 - stereo radio broadcasts1954 - color TV1960 - 1st computer mouse patent1964 - ARPANET1978 - 1st mobile phone service (Japan)*1989/1991 - World Wide Web1998 - webcasting2004 - online tv2006 - video on mobiles phones

…and the world changes pace

Technology

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Lecture 1: Introduction

What is media?

A two level definition:

1. The technology that enables communication

2. Set of associated “protocols” or social and cultural practices that have grown up around a specific technology

Lisa Gitelman apud Jenkins, 2006

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REMEMBER:New technologies lead to new forms of

communication

Insert history of media video (shorthand2broadband)

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Media - as journalism

journalism |ˈjərnl,izəm|noun1 the activity or profession of writing for newspapers or magazines or of broadcasting news on radio or television

2 a career in journalism the press, the fourth estate, reporting, news writing, news broadcasting, news coverage, reportage, feature writing, photojournalism, sensationalism, the newspaper business; articles, reports, features, pieces, stories.

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Lecture 1: Introduction

Media - as journalismFind out when • And where the 1st printed periodical was

issued • The 1st European & American news

books and newspapers appeared• Was the 1st European daily newspaper

published• Was the telegraph invented • Did wire services start to be used

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Media - as journalism• 1594 - Mercurius Gallobelgicus - 1st printed

periodical (Koln, Germany)• 17th century

– 1st European & American news books and newspapers

• 18th century– 1st European daily newspaper and the rise of

American periodicals• Characteristic: political bias

• 19th century - rise of the wire services (using the telegraph)

– “Tighter”, more concise style of writing stories emerges – New forms of journalism - human interest stories,

investigative journalism

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The media competition

• 1929, London - first radio presence @ the Olympic Games (with restrictions imposed by the Newspaper Proprietors’ Association)

“The BBC still had to take news bulletins exclusively from the press agencies (the Newspaper Society, Reuters Limited, the Press Association, the Exchange Telegraph Company and the Central News); could not edit its own news (this remained in force until 1930); and could not broadcast a news bulletin until 6 p.m”)

McCoy, 1997

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The media competition

• 1930s, Spanish Civil War - photojournalism emerges as a new job (first photoj pictures taken as early as the 1880s)

– Editors are confused not knowing what the roles and responsibilities of photojournalists should be

Popkin, 1995

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Traditional media vs. the Internet

• The emergence and increasing popularity of the Internet in the 1990s led to various theories and scenarios of the digital revolution:

- Computers destroying mass culture (Gitlin, 1990)

- The collapse of broadcast in favor of an era of narrowcasting and niche media demand (Negroponte, 1995)• Negroponte nowadays is known for his $100 computer

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Internet users in the world • Asia - 704 mil• Europe - 402 mil• North America - 251 mil• Latin America/ Caribbean - 175 mil• Africa - 65 mil• Middle East - 47 mil• Oceania/ Australia - 20 mil

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Map of Internet (2007)

Source: IPligence.com

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REMEMBER:

Media never die and they don’t even fade away

It is only the tools used to access media content that become outdated

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The even newer Internet

• (1980s) 2005 - Convergence media culture • the collision of old and new media, along with the intersection of grassroots and

corporate media and the unpredictable interaction between media producers and media consumers

• After 2000 - the dynamic web• a new challenge • a paradigmatic shift from the media hegemony thesis to one of conversational

content or presenting content, as the connection among dispersed media content• Media genres boundaries blurred

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Web 1.0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG1AQcGGSec

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Convergence

A process called the “convergence of modules” is blurring the lines between media, even between point to point communications such as the post, telephone and telegraph and mass communication such as the press, radio, and television. A single physical means - be it wires, cables or airwaves - may carry services that in the past were provided in separate ways. Conversely, a service that was provided in any one medium - be it broadcasting, the press, or telephony - can now be provided in several different physical ways. So the one-to-one relationship that used to exist between a medium and its use is eroding”

Pool, 1983

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Was expected to happen at a device/technological level

BUT

• Hardware DIVERGES • Content CONVERGES

Cheskin Research, 2002

Convergence

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Web 2.0

• term first coined in 1999 and rediscovered in 2004• first Web 2.0 conference (O'Reilly Media and MediaLive)

• a new challenge • web as a platform • web as a conversation place• empowering the consumer

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Web 2.0

• Websites = dynamic applications with functionalities spreading across convergent media

– Open Source– APIs (Application Programming Interface)– Search– Links– Tags – Extensions (Desktop applications)– Signals (RSS)

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Web 2.0

• User generated content (USG)– The expert prosumer

• User generated functionalities• User directed content

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Participatory media in Web 2.0

• 2/3 of the world’s Internet population visit a social network or blogging site

• Social networking & blogging - 10% of all internet time.

• ‘Member Communities’ have overtaken personal Email to become the world’s fourth most popular online sector after search, portals and PC software applications

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Web 3.0

• Semantic Web• Real-time• Co-creative• ?

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Any fears/risks?• Is a public profile always good?

- Think of security, privacy, finances, social interaction, personal reputation

• Are there any more problems? - Such as ‘identity’ continuity- Digital (literacy) divide

• Web 2.0 doesn’t solve everything. In some cases, it can replicate the social phenomena of Web 1.0. But, a lot remains unknown.

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Conclusion • Media as technology and as social and cultural practices surrounding that technology

• New technologies lead to new forms of communication

• Media never die and they don’t even fade away

• Convergence is different than its prophets said it would be

• web 2.0 empowers the consumer but comes with quite some challenges

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Tomorrow:

• Journalism in the web 2.0 world

• The empowered and know-it-all media user • The citizen journalist

• Collaborative tools