Lecture 6Development of Transmission Line Models

Professor Tom OverbyeDepartment of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

ECE 476

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2

Reading

For lectures 5 through 7 please be reading Chapter 4– we will not be covering sections 4.7, 4.11, and 4.12 in

detail

HW 2 is due now HW 3 is 4.8, 4.9, 4.23, 4.25 (assume Cardinal

conductors; temperature is just used for the current rating) is due Thursday

3

Bundle Inductance Example

0.25 M0.25 M

0.25 M

Consider the previous example of the three phasessymmetrically spaced 5 meters apart using wire with a radius of r = 1.24 cm. Except now assumeeach phase has 4 conductors in a square bundle,spaced 0.25 meters apart. What is the new inductanceper meter?

2 3

13 4

b

70a

1.24 10 m ' 9.67 10 m

R 9.67 10 0.25 0.25 2 0.25

0.12 m (ten times bigger!)

5L ln 7.46 10 H/m

2 0.12

r r

4

Transmission Tower Configurations

The problem with the line analysis we’ve done so far is we have assumed a symmetrical tower configuration. Such a tower figuration is seldom practical.

Typical Transmission Tower Configuration

Therefore ingeneral Dab Dac Dbc

Unless something was done this wouldresult in unbalancedphases

5

Transmission Tower Examples

Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power

230 kV lattice steel tower

double circuit

230 kV wood pole H-frame

6

Transposition

To keep system balanced, over the length of a transmission line the conductors are rotated so each phase occupies each position on tower for an equal distance. This is known as transposition.

Aerial or side view of conductor positions over the lengthof the transmission line.

7

Line Transposition Example

8

Line Transposition Example

9

Inductance of Transposed Line

13

m 12 13 23

0 0a

70

Define the geometric mean distance (GMD)

D

Then for a balanced 3 system ( - - )

1 1ln ln ln

2 ' 2 '

Hence

ln 2 10 ln H/m2 ' '

a b c

ma a a

m

m ma

d d d

I I I

DI I I

r D r

D DL

r r

10

Inductance with Bundling

b

0a

70

If the line is bundled with a geometric mean

radius, R , then

ln2

ln 2 10 ln H/m2

ma

b

m ma

b b

DI

R

D DL

R R

11

Inductance Example

Calculate the per phase inductance and reactance of a balanced 3, 60 Hz, line with horizontal phase spacing of 10m using three conductor bundling with a spacing between conductors in the bundle of 0.3m. Assume the line is uniformly transposed and the conductors have a 1cm radius.

Answer: Dm = 12.6 m, Rb= 0.0889 m Inductance = 9.9 x 10-7 H/m, Reactance = 0.6 /Mile

12

Review of Electric Fields

eA

2

To develop a model for line capacitance we

first need to review some electric field concepts.

Gauss's law:

d = q (integrate over closed surface)

where

= electric flux density, coulombs/m

d = differential

D a

D

a

2

e

area da, with normal to surface

A = total closed surface area, m

q = total charge in coulombs enclosed

13

Gauss’s Law Example

Similar to Ampere’s Circuital law, Gauss’s Law is most useful for cases with symmetry.

Example: Calculate D about an infinitely long wire that has a charge density of q coulombs/meter.

Since D comesradially out inte-grate over the cylinder bounding the wireeA

d 2 q

where radially directed unit vector2

D Rh qh

qR

r r

D a

D a a

14

Electric Fields

The electric field, E, is related to the electric flux density, D, by

D = Ewhere

E = electric field (volts/m)

= permittivity in farads/m (F/m)

= o r

o = permittivity of free space (8.85410-12 F/m)

r = relative permittivity or the dielectric constant(1 for dry air, 2 to 6 for most dielectrics)

15

Voltage Difference

P

P

The voltage difference between any two

points P and P is defined as an integral

V

In previous example the voltage difference between

points P and P , located radial distance R and R

f

d

E l

R

R

rom the wire is (assuming = )

V ln2 2

o

o o

Rq qdR

R R

16

Voltage Difference, cont’d

R

R

With

V ln2 2

if q is positive then those points closer in have

a higher voltage. Voltage is defined as the energy

(in Joules) required to move a 1 coulomb charge

against an ele

o o

Rq qdR

R R

ctric field (Joules/Coulomb). Voltage

is infinite if we pick infinity as the reference point

17

Multi-Conductor Case

i

1

Now assume we have n parallel conductors,

each with a charge density of q coulombs/m.

The voltage difference between our two points,

P and P , is now determined by superposition

1V ln

2

ni

iii

Rq

R

where is the radial distance from point P

to conductor i, and the distance from P to i.i

i

R

R

18

Multi-Conductor Case, cont’d

n

ii=1

1 1

11

11 1

1

If we assume that q 0 then rewriting

1 1 1V ln ln

2 2

We then subtract ln 0

1 1 1V ln ln

2 2

As we more P to infinity, ln 0

n n

i i iii i

n

ii

n ni

i iii i

i

q q RR

q R

Rq q

R R

RR

19

Absolute Voltage Defined

1

Since the second term goes to zero as P goes to

infinity, we can now define the voltage of a

point w.r.t. a reference voltage at infinity:

1 1V ln

2

This equation holds for any point as long a

n

iii

qR

s

it is not inside one of the wires!

20

Three Conductor Case

A

BC

Assume we have three infinitely long conductors, A, B, & C, each with radius r and distance D from the other two conductors. Assume charge densities suchthat qa + qb + qc = 0

1 1 1 1ln ln ln

2

ln2

a a b c

aa

V q q qr D D

q DV

r

21

Line Capacitance

j

1 11 1

For a single line capacitance is defined as

But for a multiple conductor case we need to

use matrix relationships since the charge on

conductor i may be a function of V

i i i

n

n

q CV

q C C

q

1

1n nn n

V

C C V

q C V

22

Line Capacitance, cont’d

In ECE 476 we will not be considering theses

cases with mutual capacitance. To eliminate

mutual capacitance we'll again assume we have

a uniformly transposed line. For the previous

three conductor exam

aa a

ple:

q 2ince q = C

ln

a

a

V V

S V CDVr

23

Bundled Conductor Capacitance

1

1cb 12

Similar to what we did for determining line

inductance when there are n bundled conductors,

we use the original capacitance equation just

substituting an equivalent r

Note fo

adius

r t

( )

he

Rn

nrd d

b

capacitance equation we use r rather

than r' which was used for R in the inductance

equation

24

Line Capacitance, cont’d

1

m

13

m

1cb 12

-12o

For the case of uniformly transposed lines we

use the same GMR, D , as before.

2

ln

where

D

R ( ) (note r NOT r')

ε in air 8.854 10 F/m

n

mcb

ab ac bc

n

CDR

d d d

rd d

25

Line Capacitance Example

Calculate the per phase capacitance and susceptance of a balanced 3, 60 Hz, transmission line with horizontal phase spacing of 10m using three conductor bundling with a spacing between conductors in the bundle of 0.3m. Assume the line is uniformly transposed and the conductors have a a 1cm radius.

26

Line Capacitance Example, cont’d

13

13

m

1211

c 11

8

(0.01 0.3 0.3) 0.0963 m

D (10 10 20) 12.6 m

2 8.854 101.141 10 F/m

12.6ln

0.09631 1

X2 60 1.141 10 F/m

2.33 10 -m (not / m)

cbR

C

C

27

Line Conductors

Typical transmission lines use multi-strand conductors

ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductors are most common. A typical Al. to St. ratio is about 4 to 1.

28

Line Conductors, cont’d

Total conductor area is given in circular mils. One circular mil is the area of a circle with a diameter of 0.001 = 0.00052 square inches

Example: what is the the area of a solid, 1” diameter circular wire? Answer: 1000 kcmil (kilo circular mils)

Because conductors are stranded, the equivalent radius must be provided by the manufacturer. In tables this value is known as the GMR and is usually expressed in feet.

29

Line Resistance

-8

-8

Line resistance per unit length is given by

R = where is the resistivityA

Resistivity of Copper = 1.68 10 Ω-m

Resistivity of Aluminum = 2.65 10 Ω-m

Example: What is the resistance in Ω / mile of a

-8

2

1" diameter solid aluminum wire (at dc)?

2.65 10 Ω-m1609 0.084

0.0127m

mR

mile mile

30

Line Resistance, cont’d

Because ac current tends to flow towards the surface of a conductor, the resistance of a line at 60 Hz is slightly higher than at dc.

Resistivity and hence line resistance increase as conductor temperature increases (changes is about 8% between 25C and 50C)

Because ACSR conductors are stranded, actual resistance, inductance and capacitance needs to be determined from tables.

31

ACSR Table Data (Similar to Table A.4)

Inductance and Capacitance assume a Dm of 1 ft.

GMR is equivalent to r’

32

ACSR Data, cont’d

7L

3

3 3

X 2 4 10 ln 1609 /mile

12.02 10 ln ln

12.02 10 ln 2.02 10 ln

m

m

m

Df L f

GMR

f DGMR

f f DGMR

Term from table assuminga one foot spacing

Term independentof conductor withDm in feet.

33

ACSR Data, Cont.

0C

6

To use the phase to neutral capacitance from table

21X -m where

2 ln

11.779 10 ln -mile (table is in M -mile)

1 1 11.779 ln 1.779 ln M -mile

m

m

m

CDf Cr

Df r

Df r f

Term from table assuminga one foot spacing

Term independentof conductor withDm in feet.

34

Dove Example

7

0.0313 feet

Outside Diameter = 0.07725 feet (radius = 0.03863)

Assuming a one foot spacing at 60 Hz

12 60 2 10 1609 ln Ω/mile

0.03130.420 Ω/mile, which matches the table

For the capacitance

a

a

C

GMR

X

X

X

6 41 11.779 10 ln 9.65 10 Ω-mile

f r

35

Additional Transmission Topics

Multi-circuit lines: Multiple lines often share a common transmission right-of-way. This DOES cause mutual inductance and capacitance, but is often ignored in system analysis.

Cables: There are about 3000 miles of underground ac cables in U.S. Cables are primarily used in urban areas. In a cable the conductors are tightly spaced, (< 1ft) with oil impregnated paper commonly used to provide insulation

– inductance is lower – capacitance is higher, limiting cable length

36

Additional Transmission topics

Ground wires: Transmission lines are usually protected from lightning strikes with a ground wire. This topmost wire (or wires) helps to attenuate the transient voltages/currents that arise during a lighting strike. The ground wire is typically grounded at each pole.

Corona discharge: Due to high electric fields around lines, the air molecules become ionized. This causes a crackling sound and may cause the line to glow!

37

Additional Transmission topics

Shunt conductance: Usually ignored. A small current may flow through contaminants on insulators.

DC Transmission: Because of the large fixed cost necessary to convert ac to dc and then back to ac, dc transmission is only practical for several specialized applications

– long distance overhead power transfer (> 400 miles)– long cable power transfer such as underwater– providing an asynchronous means of joining different power

systems (such as the Eastern and Western grids).

38

DC Transmission Line

+/- 400 kV HVDC lattice tower

Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power