DemographyDemography by by Dr Sajid HameedDr Sajid HameedCourse ObjectivesCourse Objectives1.Define different tools of demography and vital 1.Define different tools of demography and vital statisticsstatistics2.Name major sources of data2.Name major sources of data3.Describe the Demographic transition3.Describe the Demographic transition4.Interpret and compute different mortality,fertility 4.Interpret and compute different mortality,fertility and morbidity related measuresand morbidity related measures5.Describe factors that effect on mortality and 5.Describe factors that effect on mortality and fertilityfertility6.Impact of population growth6.Impact of population growth

DemographyDemography

• Demo (People) + Graphien (write)

• The quantitative study of Characteristics of human population

1. Size

2.Age and Sex distribution

3.Density

4.Growth

5.Vital statistic

Calculation of TFRCalculation of TFR

• Divide the population of women of childbearing age(15 to 45 or 49 years)

• Record the total number of women in each age group (a)

• Record the total number of live births in each age group (b)

• Divide (b) by (a) to get ASFR

• TFR=Sum of all age groups ASFR X 5

Summary ImplicationsSummary Implications

• Shortage of :-

1. Educational facilities

2. Health Services

3. Housing Units

4. Food

5. Living Space

6. Clean water

• Increase In :-

1. Unemployment

2. Land Fragmentation

3. Food Imports

4. Environmental Pollution

5. Overcrowding

6. Katchi Abadis

7. Poverty

8. Unrest & Crime

SourcesSources of Population Dataof Population Data• Vital registration1. Births2. Deaths3. Marriages4. Population registers5. Service statistics6. International; migration statistics• NADRA• Demographic Sample Surveys• Population & Housing Censes

Population Doubling TimePopulation Doubling Time

• How long a population would take at its current Growth Rate to double in size?

70

• Doubling Time in Years = ------------------

Gr. Rate in %

• e.g if Gr.Rate= 2% then population doubling time = 70/2 =35 Years

Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid

• A graphical representation designed to give a picture of the Age & Sex Structure of a population

• Salient features of a population pyramid

Population EquationPopulation Equation

• Pn = Po + B - D+ I – E

• Pn = Population at time n

• Po = Population at previous time

• B = All Births

• D = All Deaths• I = Immigration

• E = Emigration

What does immediately comes to the mind What does immediately comes to the mind when we think of population?when we think of population?

• People:

1. Size

2. Age

3. Sex

4. Regional Distribution

5. Change

6. Population trends

• Characteristics of population:

1. Ethnic2. Marital3. Economic4. Educational5. Residential6. Religion7. Language

Factors Affecting FertilityFactors Affecting Fertility

• Age at marriage & duration of married life.

• Family planning & Child spacing

• Education

• Economic Status

• Cast & Religion

• Nutrition

• Other factors( Physical,Biological,Socio-cultural).

Why we should study demography?Why we should study demography?

• Food Security• Pollution• Inflation• Income• Energy• Unemployment• Literacy• Individual freedom

Tools of DemographyTools of Demography

• Counts

• Rates

• Ratios

• Proportions

Demographic ProcessesDemographic Processes

• Fertility

• Mortality

• Marriage

• Migration

• Social Mobility

Population MomentumPopulation Momentum

• The tendency of a population to continue to grow after replacement level fertility has been achieved

Important DefinitionsImportant Definitions

• Demography• Population change• Sources of

demographic data• Age-sex composition• Fertility• Mortality• Net-Migration• Urbanization

• Population growth rate

• Population doubling time

• Population doubling time

• Population pyramid• Replacement level

fertility• Momentum of

population

Basic Fertility MeasuresBasic Fertility Measures

• Crude birth rate (CBR)

• General fertility rate (GFR)

• Age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)

• Total fertility rate (TFR)

• Gross reproductive rate (GRR)

• Net reproductive rate (NRR)

• General marital fertility rate (GMFR)

Reasons for high mortalityReasons for high mortality

• Acute and chronic food shortages

• Epidemic diseases

• Poor public health conditions

Causes Of Rapid Mortality DeclineCauses Of Rapid Mortality Decline

• Increased agriculture production

• Industrialization

• Improved transportation

• Specific reforms

• Control of temperature and humidity

• Public sanitation

• Improved personal hygiene

• Immunology

MortalityMortality

• Crude death rate (CDR)

• Age specific death rate (ASDR)

• Infant mortality rate (IMR)

• Early neonatal M.R

• Late neonatal M.R

• Post neonatal M.R

• Perinatal mortality rate

• Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)

Demographic transitionDemographic transition

• High Stationary• Early expanding

• Late expanding• Low stationary• Declining

THE COMMUNICATION THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS PROCESS

SENDER MESSAIGE CHANNEL RECEIVER

(SOURCE) (CONTENT) (MEDIUM) (AUDIENCE)

FEED BACK

AWARENESSINTERESTEVALUATIONADOPTION (behaviour change)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

• One way communication

• Two way communication

• Verbal communication

• Non verbal communication

• Formal and informal communication

• Visual communication

• Telecommunication and internet

BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

• Physiological

• Psychological

• Environmental

• Cultural

HEALTH EDUCATION HEALTH EDUCATION

• DEFINITION:-– A process aimed at encouraging people to

want to be healthy, to know how to stay healthy, to do what they can individually and collectively to maintain health, and to seek help when needed.

AIMS / OBJECTIVES AIMS / OBJECTIVES

• To encourage people to adopt and sustain health promoting lifestyle and practices.

• To promote the proper use of health services available to them

• To arouse interest provide new knowledge. Improve skills and change attitudes in making rational decisions to solve their own problems.

• To stimulate individual and community self – reliance and individual and community involvement at every step from identifying problems to solving them.

APPROACH TO HEALTH APPROACH TO HEALTH EDUCATIONEDUCATION

• Regulatory approach (managed prevention)

• Service approach • Health education approach• Primary health care approach

HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROPAGANDA HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROPAGANDA

EDUCATION PROPAGANDA OR PUBLICITY

Knowledge and skills actively acquired

Knowledge instilled in the minds of people

Makes people think for themselves Prevents or discourages thinking by readymade slogans

Disciplines primitive desires Arouses and stimulates primitive desires

HEALTH EDUCATION AND HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROPAGANDA (contd)PROPAGANDA (contd)

Develops reflective behaviour. Trains people to use judgments before acting

Develops reflexive behaviour: aims at impulsive actions

Appeals to reason Appeals to emotion

Knowledge acquired through self – reliant activity

Knowledge is spoon-fed and passively received

The process is behaviour centered – aims at developing favourabel attitudes, habits skills

The process is information centred – no change of attitude or ehaviour designed

CONTENTS OF HEALTH CONTENTS OF HEALTH EDUCATIONEDUCATION

• Human biology • Nutrition• Hygiene • Family health • Disease prevention and control• Mental health • Prevention of accidents• Use of health services

PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION EDUCATION

• Credibility • Interest • Participation• Motivation• Comprehension • Reinforcement • Learning by doing• Known to unknown • Setting on example• Good human relations• Feedback • Leaders

HEALTH COMMUNICATION HEALTH COMMUNICATION

Personal contact Lectures Televisions

Home visits Demonstrations Radio

Personal letters Discussion methods News paper

Group discussion Printed material

Panel discussion Direct mailing

Symposium Posters

Workshop Health museums and exhibitions

Conferences Folk methods

Seminars Internet

Role play

Individual approach Group approach Mass approach