Post on 23-May-2018
transcript
A business unit of AISIwww.recycle-steel.org
LEEDing with LCA & EPDs
MBA Green Builders Symposium – October 15th, 2015
Presentation Objectives
• Background on AISI/SRI• LCA Overview• Whole Building LCA
– LEED v4 credits– Whole Building LCA tools
• PCRs/EPDs– LEED v4 credits – EPD examples
• LCA in other green building programs, codes, and standards
N. American Steel Industry Overview
• Direct employment of over 150,000 people in the U.S.
• Steel shipments of 98 million tons in 2014
• 81% recycling rate in 2013 (higher in construction)
• Voluntary 32% reduction in energy intensity since 1990
LEED v4 BD+C
What has changed?• Clear focus on transparency and performance• New Integrative Process credit incentivizes LEED
considerations at project start• New credit category to address project location and
transportation considerations• Incorporates international requirements
o LEED is used in over 145 countries• Complete rewrite of Materials & Resources section
o Whole-building LCAo EPDso Disclosure of Chemical Ingredientso Responsible Extraction of Raw Materials
Life Cycle Assessment
LCA is a standardized technique to assess potential environmental impacts associated with a product, process, or service
ISO 14040:2006 (en) – Environmental management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework
Collection of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Data
Product Manufacture
Emissions
Waste
Water
Materials Product
Co-Products & Materials for Recovery
Water
Energy
Materials
Collection of LCI Data
M/E/H2O = Materials, Energy, and WaterMR = Materials for Recovery (e.g., steel scrap)W/CP = Wastes and Co-products
Adapted from: T. Gloria, “Life Cycle Assessment: A Tutorial”, Greenbiz webinar, Feb. 19, 2013
Raw Material Extraction
Materials Manufacture
Product Manufacture
Use End-of-life Treatment
M/E/H2O
Emissions
W/CP MRMR
M/E/H2O
Emissions
M/E/H2O
Emissions
M/E/H2O
Emissions
M/E/H2O
Emissions
W/CP W/CP W/CP W/CP
LCI Data
– Hot Rolled Coil– Cold Rolled Coil– Hot Dip Galvanized– Plate– Sections (interim)– Rebar (interim)– Pickled Hot Rolled Coil– Finished Cold Rolled Coil– Tinplate
North American LCI datasets available for these products:
New LCI data being collected globally this year.
LCI Data Sources
• Primary– Product manufacturers– Retailers– Suppliers– Industry associations (average data)
• Secondary or average– Literature and published LCA reports– Public and proprietary databases
• GaBi databases (licensed) – up to 5,000 datasets• Ecoinvent databases (licensed) – 2,000+ datasets• NREL U.S. LCI Database (free) – 3,000+ datasets• ILCD (free) – over 36 linked data libraries
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
ß Most commonly reported
Additional impacts:• Human health toxicity• Eco-toxicity• Resource depletion (fossil fuel
and mineral)• Land use change• Habitat disruption
Source: Architectural Record, Continuing Education Center
Necessity of LCIA
Adapted from: T. Gloria, “Life Cycle Assessment: A Tutorial”, Greenbiz webinar, Feb. 19, 2013
Emission Amount(kg)
Share Significance
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2,000 98.90% High?Nitrous oxide (N2O) 20 0.10% Low?Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 2 0.01% Very low?
Emission Equivalence (GWP)
GWP Contribution (kg CO2eq)
Share Significance
CO2 1 2,000 3.7% LowN2O 298 5,960 11.1% ModerateSF6 22,800 45,600 85.1% High
Inventory:
Impact Assessment:
Benefits of LCA
• Credibly, transparently assess and report potential environmental impacts across entire product life cycle
• Examine tradeoffs for between life cycle stages and/or impacts à product development, decision-making, policy initiatives
• Hot spot identification à areas for improvement, best practices
• Fair comparisons between competing materials
LEED v4 BD+C
Possible Points: 13Y Prereq 1 Required
Y Prereq 2 Required
Credit 1 5
Credit 2 2
Credit 3 2
Credit 4 Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredients 2
Credit 5 2
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials
Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction
Construction and Demolition Waste Management
Construction and Demolition Waste Management Planning
Materials and ResourcesStorage and Collection of Recyclables
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Environmental Product Declarations
Total Possible Points: 110C ert if ied 4 0 t o 4 9 p o int s Silver 50 t o 59 po int s Go ld 6 0 t o 79 po int s Plat inum 8 0 t o 110
LEED v4 BD+C
Building Life Cycle Impact Reduction (5 points)• Intent: encourage adaptive reuse and optimize environmental
performance of products and materials• Four options, including full or partial building reuse
– Option 1: Historic building reuse (5 points)– Option 2: Renovation of abandoned or blighted building (5 points)– Option 3: Building and material reuse (2-4 points)– Option 4: Whole-building Life Cycle Assessment (3 points)
LEED v4 BD+C
Option 4 – Whole-building LCA• Building structure and enclosure• Cradle-to-grave (excluding operational energy)• Baseline and proposed buildings must be of comparable:
– Size– Function– Orientation– Operating energy performance as defined in EA Prerequisite Minimum
Energy Performance. • Building service life: at least 60 years. • Use the same LCA software tools and ISO 14044 compliant data sets.• Narrative describing LCA assumptions, scope, baseline building, and
proposed building.
LEED v4 BD+C
Option 4 – Whole-building LCA• Design must show 10% reduction in at least 3 of the following vs.
“reference building” (one must be GWP):– Global warming potential (kg CO2e);– Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer (kg CFC-11);– Acidification of land and water sources (moles H+ or kg SO2);– Eutrophication (kg nitrogen or kg phosphate);– Formation of tropospheric ozone (kg NOx or kg ethene); and– Depletion of nonrenewable energy resources (MJ).
• No impact category may increase by more than 5%.
Whole Building LCA
• Comprehensive LCA software– GaBi – SimaPro– OpenLCA
• Whole Building LCA-specific tools– Athena Impact Estimator (referenced in LEED)– Tally (accepted by USGBC)– eToolLCD– buildLCA (worldsteel)
• Guidance Documents– AIA (2010)– Athena Sustainable Materials Institute (2014)– In-development: USGBC, Structural Engineering Institute
Whole Building LCA - Athena Impact Estimator
• Free software specifically mentioned in LEED v4• Intended to make LCA accessible to designers
– Limited understanding of LCA necessary (good and bad!)– Can model over 1,200 structural and envelope assembly
combinations– BOM import from any CAD program
• Version 5.1.01 released July 2015
http://choosetally.com/
Tally®A joint development project from KT Innovations, PE International, and Autodesk.
Whole Building LCA - Tally
• Annual licensing fees• Requires use (and costs) of Autodesk Revit model
• Cradle-to-grave whole building scope– Manufacturing, maintenance and replacement,
and end-of-life– Currently excludes impacts from construction and
operational energy
LEED v4 BD+C
Next 3 M&R credits have a two-part focus:• Part 1 = Disclosure• Part 2 = Optimization
Disclosure (noun): Transparency of product supply chains, ingredients, and life-cycle impacts
Optimization (verb): Reward for products meeting thresholds or benchmarks for performance
Market Transformation
LEED v4 BD+C
Possible Points: 13Y Prereq 1 Required
Y Prereq 2 Required
Credit 1 5
Credit 2 2
Credit 3 2
Credit 4 Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredients 2
Credit 5 2
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials
Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction
Construction and Demolition Waste Management
Construction and Demolition Waste Management Planning
Materials and ResourcesStorage and Collection of Recyclables
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Environmental Product Declarations
Total Possible Points: 110C ert if ied 4 0 t o 4 9 p o int s Silver 50 t o 59 po int s Go ld 6 0 t o 79 po int s Plat inum 8 0 t o 110
LEED v4 BD+C
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs)• Intent: To encourage the use of products and materials for which
life-cycle information is available and that have environmentally, economically and socially preferable life-cycle impacts. To reward project teams for selecting products from manufacturers who have verified improved environmental life-cycle impacts.
LEED v4 BD+C
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – EPDs (2 points)• Option 1 (1 point) – EPDs for 20 different products from at least 5
manufacturers– Product Specific Type III EPD = 1 product– Industry-wide (generic) EPDs = ½ product– Product Specific Declarations (LCA) = ¼ product
LEED v4 BD+C
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – EPDs (2 points)• Option 2 (1 point)– Multi-attribute Optimization : must meet one
of the following (50% of total cost)– Third party certified products – demonstrate impact reduction below
industry average in at least three of six impact categories– Products sourced (extracted, manufactured, purchased) within 100
miles are valued at 200% their base contributing cost
Background on PCRs/EPDs
Source: BuildingGreen, Inc., “The Product Transparency Movement: Peeking Behind the Corporate Veil”, December 27, 2011.
Note: Not every LCA comes from a PCR or leads to an EPDCaution: EPDs can appear more comprehensive than they are.
Product Category Rules
A set of detailed rules, requirements, and guidelines for developing Type III environmental declarations for specific product categories
http://pcr-library.edf.org.tw/
Background on PCRs/EPDs – Who is Involved?
Source: Architectural Record, Continuing Education Center
Framework & basic requirements for a building products PCR
Core PCR for construction product EPDs
e.g., PR EN 16485 for wood
Principles & procedures for Type III EPDs
Overarching standards for life cycle assessment
EPDs
Source: Adapted from ArcelorMittal presentation, worldsteel LCA Expert Group, October 2013.
Background on PCRs/EPDs
Limitations
• “Potential” environmental impacts
• All relevant environmental impacts should be considered
• Only one of several environmental management techniques (e.g., risk assessment, environmental impact assessment, auditing)
• Assumptions and data sources can significantly affect results
• Comparability – proceed with caution
*Transparency and communication is key!
LCA – Other Building Programs/Standards
Green Building Ratings Programs• Green Globes BSR/GBI 01-201X, Public Comment Draft:
Whole Building LCA and EPDs• Living Building Challenge 3.0: product carbon footprint
Building Standards/Codes• IgCC 2012: Whole Building LCA (EPD provisions in next version)• ASHRAE 189.1: Whole Building LCA