Post on 11-May-2015
transcript
Causative Agent
Incubation Period
Mode of Transmission
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Nursing Management
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Also called as Weils Disease, Mud Fever, Trench Fever, Flood Fever, Spiroketal Jaundice, Japanese Seven Days Fever
It is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by bacteria leptospires.
Rat is the main host to leptospirosis although pigs, cattles, rabbits, hare, skunk and other wild animals serve as reservoir hosts.
It is an occupational disease affecting veterinarians, miners, farmers, sewer workers, etc.
What is Leptospirosis?
1. Leptospiremic phase- leptospires are present in the blood and Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF). Onset of signs and symptoms are abrupt with fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, cough and chest pain.
2. Immune phase- correlates with the appearance of circulation IgM.
Clinical Phases
Leptospira interrogans – gram negative, fine spiral bacteria 0.1um in diameter and 6-20 um in length. Locomotion is achieved in a fluid medium by a whirling motion around the longitudinal axis and by a serpentine or corkscrew motion in a semisolid medium.
Causative Agent
Ranges from 7-19 days, with average of 10 days.
Incubation Period
Entry of the leptospira bacteria through wounds when in contact with flood waters, vegetation, moist soil contaminated with the urine of infected animals, especially rats.
Mode of Transmission
FeverNon-specific symptoms of muscle pain,
headacheSevere cases result to liver involvement,
kidney failure or brain involvement. Thus some cases may have yellowish body discoloration, dark-colored urine and light stools, low urine output, severe headache.
Clinical Manifestations
By presenting clinical manifestationsCulture Blood and CSF examination during the first
week Urine examination on the 10th day
Diagnosis
Antibiotics duly prescribed by a physician.Penicillins and other B- lactam antibiotics (PCN
at 2M units q6H IM/IV)Tetracycline (Doxycycline at 100mg q12H PO)Erythromycin (500mg q12H PO) – if allergic to
PenicillinEarly recognition and treatment within two
days of illness to prevent complications of leptospirosis, so early consultation is advised.
Treatment
Provide education to clients telling them to avoid swimming or wading in potentially contaminated water or flood water.
Use of proper protection like boots and gloves when work requires exposure to contaminated water.
Drain potentially contaminated water when possible.
Nursing Management
Control rats in the household by using rat traps or rat poison, maintaining cleanliness in the house.
Isolate the patient and concurrent disinfection of soiled articles.
Report all cases of leptospirosis. Chemoprophylaxis can be done in a group of
high risk infected hosts.