SADAT CITY UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF VETRINARY

MEDICINECLINICAL PATHOLOGY DEPT

Leucocyte disorders

PREPARED BY :-

Dr / AHMED ABDEL_RAHMAN MOHAMED

ESMAIL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEM_blood_cells.jpg

Disorder of leukoceyte include

1- congenital disorder2- morphological disorder3- qualitative disorder 4- quantitative disorder

A- congenital disorder1-pelger-huet anomaly_it’s acongenital disorder in which the granulocyte nuclei fail to lobulate or segmented normally from the band to the segmented form resulting in hypoegmented WBCs_the cell function is normally_appear in case of bone marrow disorder

2- chediak_higashi syndrome -it’s a rare genetic disorder appear when there is a defect in the gene regulate synthesis , maintenance and storage of secretory granules in various types of cells

-the function of the cell is ubnormal-there is many granules appear inside the cell

B- morphological changes1- toxic changes -it’s a set of changes appear on the cell due to acceleration of bone marrow production - this changes represent maturational defects and associated with inflammatory condition

1-A- toxic granulation -it’s a dark purplish cytoplasmic granules due to retention of acid mucopolysaccharide -it’s rarely in domestic animals and commonly in large animals

1_B-dohle bodies-it’s a single or multiple blue angular cytoplasmic inclusion bodies -due to retained RER

1_C- cytoplasmic vacuolization

_it’s a more severe toxic changes appear as clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm that represent dispersed organelles as a result of auto digestion _it occurs during bacteremia and generalized infection

1_D- cytoplasmic basophilia _it occurs due to retaned ribosom and RNA _usually seen in chornic infection

2- hyposegmentation-inhereted condition as pelger_huet anomaly -aquired & transient in choronic infection due to acceleration of bonemarrow productoin &may be following some druges

3- Hypersegmentation _it’s abnormally increased nuclear segmentation it represent right shift disorder _hypersegmentation is presence of more than 3 cells having 5 lobules or 1 cell having 6 lobules in 100 cell count _hyper segmentation represent long time circulating of neutrophil in the blood seen in megaloblastic anemia ,hyper adrenocorticism & choronic inflammatory condition

4- transformed (reactive) lymphocyte _reactive lymphocyte is considered stimulated T or B lymphocyte - observed in antigenic stimulation it appear *abandant basophilic cytoplasim*frequent vaculization *enlarged lobulated nucleus with perinuclear halo *cell outline may be irregular

5- infectious disease inclusion

canine distemper leave inclusion bodies inside cytoplasm of neutrophils , monocyte & lymphocyte

C- qualitative changes1- left shift _it’s refer to an increase concentration of immature neutrophil (usually band cell)_it refer to more sudden demand for neutrophil so the storage pool of neutrophil is depleted so the bone marrow accelerate the production of neutrophil “immature”

NORMAL PRODUCTION OF WBCS

myeloblast promyelocyte

myelocyte

metamyelocyt

ebandneutrophil

Slight left shift Moderate

markedextreme

Classification of left shift acc.to bone marrow response

1- regenerative when the mature cells is more than the immature cells “it refer that BM is respond to the infection ”

2- degenerative _when the immature cells are more than the mature cells “the BM not response to the infection ”_degenerative left shift is bad prognosis in most SPP except cattle due to narrow storage pool

2- right shift _it’s increased of the of hyper segmented neutrophil it may appear during * vit B12 & folic acid deficiency * hyper adrenocorticism * chronic inflammation

D- quantitative changes 1. leukocytosis increase number of WBCs above normal range 2. leukocytopeniadecrease number of WBCs below the normal range