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Lexical Borrowings in French:
A Separate Strategy for Anglicisms
Paula Chesleyches0045@umn.edu
Linguistics Program
University of Minnesota
USA
International Conference on Language Variation in EuropeNicosia, Cyprus17 - 19 June 2007
Chesley ches0045@umn.edu Lexical Borrowings in French
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Lexical borrowings in French: why theyre important
Lexical borrowings: Anglicisms
In France, Anglicisms are of legal, public, and academic interest 1975 Bas-Lauriol Law and 1994 Toubon Law regulate use of
foreign words in France; France is exceptional in having suchlegislation
Widely thought that these measures are to protect French
against English Highly-charged, commercially successful, general-audiencewritings of linguists: Etiemble (1964), Hagege (2006):Anglicisms are trendy and snobby
No similar qualms about non-English lexical borrowings
The number of lexical borrowings from one language toanother is a quantifiable statistic that can gauge theinteraction of two cultures
We can discover more about this interaction by examining thepatterns of lexical borrowings in a given language
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What is a (non-integrated) lexical borrowing?
Functional definition (narrow)1. The (approximate) form and meaning are copied from some
language into French; Captures psychological impressions of speakers about lexical
items
2. Native speakers of French do this copying;3. The borrowed sense does not yet exist in a French dictionary
(TLFi);4. Proper nouns/proper names including product names areexcluded.
Excluded examples deregulation; calques like gratte-ciel skyscraper: violate (1)
above week-end: violates (3) above Insta Pump: violates (4) above
Included examples apple-pie glasnost (Russian, transparency within government) popiwek (Polish, super-normative wages tax)
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Gathering data
Le Monde newspaper corpus (Abeille et al., 2003): 21,560
parsed, POS-labeled sentences, gathered from 1989-1993 Corpus features manual verification of POS, including foreign
words
Problem
A lot of foreign words are not indicated as such (e.g. popiwek) And a lot of tagged foreign words are highly frequent in
current French and exist in a French dictionary (e.g. week-end)
Solution Automatic search in corpus for non-native, low frequency
letters or letter combinations, like k, o, qi, etc. Examine context around words with these letters since
borrowed words might occur in clusters Add any new letter combinations found in neighboring words
to list of letter combinations queried (103 total)
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Data breakdown
Language Types Tokens
English 92 126Spanish 12 35
Russian 9 25
German 5 11
Italian 5 8
Hebrew 4 4
Latin 3 3
Polish 1 1
Portuguese 1 1
Total Non-English 40 88Total 132 214
Table: A breakdown of borrowed tokens and types according tolanguages.
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Criteria for measuring lexical integration
Quantitative Want to determine whether the borrowings are random
occurrences, or whether they recur in other data Cross-check lexical borrowings in initial corpus (Le Monde)
against another newspaper corpus (Le Figaro) from later dates Le Figaro data: gathered from queries to online archives, 1997
to present Qualitative
Sense pattern of borrowings (monosemous vs. polysemous) Cultural context of borrowings (relationship between language
and culture of denotatum: restricted vs. unrestricted)
restricted: e.g., perestroika when talking about Russia unrestricted: e.g., perestroika when talking about China
Idea: polysemous senses and unrestricted cultural contexts canrefer to more things, so they are likely to be more frequent andthus more likely to be integrated
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Quantitative results
Figure: Cross-distribution of Anglicisms (left) and non-English borrowings(right) in the Monde corpus and the Figaro data.
0
1
10
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Figaro
occurrences
Monde occurrences
0
1
10
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Figaro
occurrences
Monde occurrences
Some more frequent non-English borrowings are rarely seenagain
Clear correlation for Anglicisms between frequencies in initialMonde data and later Figaro data
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Qualitative results: sense patterns
8 polysemous Anglicism types (= 16 tokens)
(1) a. Ce bimestriel. . . visera les jeunes etudiants sous laforme dun news pratique.
This bimonthly [publication]. . . will target youngstudents in the form of a practical newsletter.
b. . . . ca cest les news ici.. . . thats the news here.
0 polysemous non-English borrowings
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Qualitative results: cultural context
68 restricted Anglicism tokens, 57 unrestricted (1 removeddue to unclear context)
(2) Le Maroc a cree en fevrier dernier a Tanger une placefinanciere offshore dont il attend de meilleuresconditions dacces aux capitaux internationaux.
Last February Morocco created in Tangiers anoffshore financial market from which it expects betterconditions of access to international capital.
79 restricted non-English borrowed tokens, 8 unrestricted (1
removed) 8 unrestricted non-English borrowings were either Latinisms or
the words perestroka and glasnost referred to in formerCommunist countries
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Discussion
Quantitative results Anglicisms are far more numerous than non-English borrowings
in French. . . . . . more interestingly, Anglicisms are less likely to be random
occurrences than borrowings from other languages Presence in initial corpus is a good predictor of presence in
later corpus for Anglicisms Not so for non-English borrowings
Qualitative results Non-English borrowings remain largely reduced in meaning and
anchored to the culture in which those languages are spoken These limitations do not apply to Anglicisms
Even at the first stages of use, Anglicisms behave more likecore lexical items than non-English borrowings
Anglicisms should be regarded as similar to nativeneologistic strategies in French, or as a separate, hybrid(native/non-native) strategy with multiple causes
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Conclusions and future work
Corpus-based, cross-linguistic study on lexical borrowings inFrench
Presents a semi-automatic way of determining foreign wordsin a corpus
Establishes quantitative and qualitative criteria for determiningthe degree of integration of a newly borrowed lexical item
In French, Anglicisms constitute a different phenomenon thanlexical borrowings from other languages (at least sometimes!)
Anglicisms are either like native neologistic strategies inFrench, or they are a hybrid (native/non-native) strategy
Cultural implications of results for future work!
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Further reading
R. H. Baayen and A. Renouf.
Chronicling the Times: Productive Lexical Innovations in an English
Newspaper.
Language, 72:6996, 1996.
R. Etiemble.
Parlez-vous franglais ?
Editions Flammarion, Paris, 1991.M. Pergnier.
Les anglicismes: danger ou enrichissement pour la langue francaise ?
Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1989.
M.D. Picone.
Anglicisms, Neologisms, and Dynamic French.
John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 1996.
S.G. Thomason.
Language Contact.
Georgetown UP, Washington, D.C., 2001.Chesley ches0045@umn.edu Lexical Borrowings in French
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Example borrowings
Borrowing Frequency Borrowing Frequency
cash flow 2 stand - by 3check - up 1 struggle for life 1citizen s charter 1 success story 2classless society 1 sustainable 1come - back 1 swaps 1
cross borders 1 teddy 1debt deflation 1 the 1deregulation 1 top - down 1discount 1 trade unions 1downgrading 1 training groups 1
flint glass 1 Karenztag 2hedge funds 3 chapka 1industrial design 1 ejido 9lease - back 2 glasnost 2lobbying 3 huasipongo 2
Chesley ches0045@umn.edu Lexical Borrowings in French
POS b kd f d
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POS breakdown of data
Part of Speech English Non-English Total POS
Nouns 100 84 184
Adjectives 19 2 21
Idiomatic/Multi-word Expressions 5 2 7Determiner 1 0 1
Conjunction 1 0 1
Table: A breakdown of part of speech tokens according to languages.
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E l f i f i d i h
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Examples of written forms queried in the corpus
xxx- = prefixxxx(-) = prefix or anywhere in a word
-xxx = suffix(-)xxx = suffix or anywhere in a word
a grund- oa -gut -platz-ag -haft -qab-ah haupt- (-)qe(-)and -hen (-)qh(-)-anh hoch- (-)qi(-)-arm -huan (-)qs(-)(-)auf(-) -saiaus- -ial sch
bank -iang sf--bar ich (-)sh(-)-betont -ig spr--chen (-)ijt(-) -ss-chi -ing -cional -ism -tad
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