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TLIF2010 Apply fatigue management strategies Learner Guide
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TLIF2010 Apply fatigue management strategies
LEARNER GUIDE
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TABLEOF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 3
COURSE INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 5
ABOUT THIS GUIDE .................................................................................................................................................. 5 ABOUT THIS RESOURCE ...................................................................................................................................... 5 ABOUT ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 6
ELEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ..................................................................................................... 7
EVIDENCE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 8
KNOWLEDGE EVIDENCE ..................................................................................................................................... 8 PERFORMANCE EVIDENCE ................................................................................................................................. 8
ASSESSMENT CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................................ 9
PRE‐REQUISITES ............................................................................................................................................ 9
TOPIC 1 – IDENTIFY AND ACT ON SIGNS OF FATIGUE ................................................................................... 10
POTENTIAL CAUSES OF FATIGUE ARE IDENTIFIED AND ACTION IS TAKEN TO MINIMISE THEIR EFFECTS IN
ACCORDANCE WITH COMPANY PROCEDURES ............................................................................................. 10
WHAT IS FATIGUE? ............................................................................................................................................... 10 What is the impact of fatigue? .................................................................................................................... 13 Identifying Fatigue Hazards ........................................................................................................................ 14
PERSONAL WARNING SIGNS OF FATIGUE ARE RECOGNISED AND NECESSARY STEPS ARE TAKEN IN
ACCORDANCE WITH WORKPLACE PROCEDURES, TO ENSURE THAT EFFECTIVE WORK CAPABILITY AND
ALERTNESS ARE ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Taking Action On Fatigue ............................................................................................................................ 17 Learning More About Fatigue ..................................................................................................................... 18
TOPIC 2 ‐ IMPLEMENT STRATEGIES TO MINIMISE FATIGUE .......................................................................... 23
WORKPLACE PROCEDURES ARE ASSESSED TO MINIMISE FATIGUE ............................................................... 23
REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION .............................................................................................................................. 26
FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE RISK OF FATIGUE‐RELATED ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS ARE MINIMISED ...... 30
FATIGUE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ARE IMPLEMENTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH WORKPLACE POLICY ....... 31
Work scheduling and planning .................................................................................................................... 33 Rostering ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Shift work .................................................................................................................................................... 34 Night work ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Work Breaks ................................................................................................................................................ 36 On‐call and call back work .......................................................................................................................... 36 Seasonal work ............................................................................................................................................. 37 Leave management ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Fly‐in, fly‐out work (FIFO) ............................................................................................................................ 38 Fatigue Hazard Checklist ............................................................................................................................. 39
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LIFESTYLE CHOICES ARE MADE THAT PROMOTE THE EFFECTIVE LONG‐TERM MANAGEMENT OF FATIGUE .... 41
Burning The Candle At Both Ends ................................................................................................................ 41 Recreational Drug Use ................................................................................................................................ 42 Alcohol ......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Exercise & Recreational Activities ............................................................................................................... 44 Food and Nutrition ...................................................................................................................................... 45 Second Jobs ................................................................................................................................................. 46
EFFECTIVE PRACTICES IN COMBATING FATIGUE ARE ADOPTED AND APPLIED .............................................. 46
PERSONAL FATIGUE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ARE COMMUNICATED TO RELEVANT PEOPLE ................... 54
APPROPRIATE COUNTER MEASURES ARE PLANNED TO COMBAT FATIGUE ................................................... 56
SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. 58
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 58
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COURSE INTRODUCTION
ABOUTTHISGUIDE
ThislearnerguidecoversoneunitofcompetencythatispartoftheCourseCodeandNameTrainingPackage:
TLIF2010‐Applyfatiguemanagementstrategies
Thisunitinvolvestheskillsandknowledgerequiredtoapplyfatiguemanagementstrategieswithinthetransportandlogisticsindustry.Workisundertakenincompliancewithrelevantlegislation,regulations,codesandguidelines.
Itincludesidentifyingandactingonsignsoffatigueandimplementingappropriatestrategiestominimisefatigueduringworkactivities,inparticularwhenoperatingequipment,trains,vehicles,loadshiftingequipment,marinevesselsandaircraft.
Workisperformedundersomesupervisiongenerallywithinateamenvironment.
Nolicensing,legislativeorcertificationrequirementsapplytothisunitatthetimeofpublication.
ABOUTTHISRESOURCE
Thisresourcebringstogetherinformationtodevelopyourknowledgeaboutthisunit.Theinformationisdesignedtoreflecttherequirementsoftheunitandusesheadingstomakesiteasiertofollow.
Readthroughthisresourcetodevelopyourknowledgeinpreparationforyourassessment.Youwillberequiredtocompletetheassessmenttoolsthatareincludedinyourprogram.Atthebackoftheresourcearealistofreferencesyoumayfindusefultoreview.
Asastudentitisimportanttoextendyourlearningandtosearchouttextbooks,internetsites,talktopeopleatworkandreadnewspaperarticlesandjournalswhichcanprovideadditionallearningmaterial.
Yourtrainermayincludeadditionalinformationandprovideactivities.slidepresentationsandassessmentsinclasstosupportyourlearning.
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ABOUTASSESSMENT
Throughoutyourtrainingwearecommittedtoyourlearningbyprovidingatrainingandassessmentframeworkthatensurestheknowledgegainedthroughtrainingistranslatedintopracticalonthejobimprovements.
Youaregoingtobeassessedfor:
Yourskillsandknowledgeusingwrittenandobservationactivitiesthatapply
toyourworkplace.
Yourabilitytoapplyyourlearning.
Yourabilitytorecognisecommonprinciplesandactivelyusetheseonthejob.
YouwillreceiveanoverallresultofCompetentorNotYetCompetentfortheassessmentofthisunit.Theassessmentisacompetencybasedassessment,whichhasnopassorfail.Youareeithercompetentornotyetcompetent.NotYetCompetentmeansthatyoustillareintheprocessofunderstandingandacquiringtheskillsandknowledgerequiredtobemarkedcompetent.Theassessmentprocessismadeupofanumberofassessmentmethods.Youarerequiredtoachieveasatisfactoryresultineachofthesetobedeemedcompetentoverall.
Allofyourassessmentandtrainingisprovidedasapositivelearningtool.Yourassessorwillguideyourlearningandprovidefeedbackonyourresponsestotheassessment.Forvalidandreliableassessmentofthisunit,arangeofassessmentmethodswillbeusedtoassesspracticalskillsandknowledge.
Yourassessmentmaybeconductedthroughacombinationofthefollowingmethods:
WrittenActivity CaseStudy Observation Questions ThirdPartyReport
Theassessmenttoolforthisunitshouldbecompletedwithinthespecifiedtimeperiodfollowingthedeliveryoftheunit.Ifyoufeelyouarenotyetreadyforassessment,discussthiswithyourtrainerandassessor.
Tobesuccessfulinthisunityouwillneedtorelateyourlearningtoyourworkplace.Youmayberequiredtodemonstrateyourskillsandbeobservedbyyourassessorinyourworkplaceenvironment.Someunitsprovideforasimulatedworkenvironmentandyourtrainerandassessorwilloutlinetherequirementsintheseinstances.
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ELEMENTSANDPERFORMANCECRITERIA
1. Identifyandactonsignsoffatigue
1.1 Potentialcausesoffatigueareidentifiedandactionistakentominimisetheireffectsinaccordancewithcompanyprocedures
1.2 Personalwarningsignsoffatiguearerecognisedandnecessarystepsaretakeninaccordancewithworkplaceprocedures,toensurethateffectiveworkcapabilityandalertnessaremaintained
2. Implementstrategiestominimisefatigue
2.1 Workplaceproceduresareassessedtominimisefatigue
2.2 Factorsthatincreasetheriskoffatigue‐relatedaccidentsandincidentsareminimised
2.3 Fatiguemanagementstrategiesareimplementedinaccordancewithworkplacepolicy
2.4 Lifestylechoicesaremadethatpromotetheeffectivelong‐termmanagementoffatigue
2.5 Effectivepracticesincombatingfatigueareadoptedandapplied
2.6 Personalfatiguemanagementstrategiesarecommunicatedtorelevantpeople
2.7 Appropriatecountermeasuresareplannedtocombatfatigue
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EVIDENCEREQUIREMENTS
Thisdescribestheessentialrequirementsandtheirlevelrequiredforthisunit.
KNOWLEDGEEVIDENCE
Evidencerequiredtodemonstratecompetenceinthisunitmustberelevanttoandsatisfyalloftherequirementsoftheelementsandperformancecriteriaandincludeknowledgeof:
Causesandeffectsoffatigueonworkers Factorsthatincreasefatigue‐relatedaccidents Howfatigueaffectsworkplaceperformance Howfatiguecontributestoworkplaceaccidents Lifestylesthatpromoteeffectivelong‐termfatiguemanagement Relevantfatiguemanagementcodes,regulations,permitandlicence
requirements Relevantworkhealthandsafety(WHS)/occupationalhealthandsafety(OHS)
regulationsastheyrelatetofatigue Risksandhazardscreatedbyworkplacefatigue Sourcesofinformationonfatigue Strategiesandwaysofmanagingfatigue Waysofrecognisingfatigue Workplacepoliciesandproceduresrelatedtofatiguemanagementandthe
controloffactorsthatcancontributetofatigueandfatigue‐relatedaccidents.
PERFORMANCEEVIDENCE
Evidencerequiredtodemonstratecompetenceinthisunitmustberelevanttoandsatisfyalloftherequirementsoftheelementsandperformancecriteriaonatleastoneoccasionandinclude:
Adaptingtochangesinrostersandstandardoperatingproceduresastheyrelatetofatiguemanagement
Adjustinglifestylepatternstoensureeffectivefatiguemanagementduringworkactivities
Applyingprecautionsandrequiredactiontominimiseandcontroltheeffectsoffatiguewhencarryingoutownworkfunctions
Applyingrelevantlegislationandworkplaceprocedures Communicatingeffectivelywithotherswhenapplyingfatiguemanagement
strategies
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Identifyingandmeetingownlearningneedsaboutfatiguemanagementrelatedmatters
Modifyingactivitiesandtakingappropriateinitiativestomanagefatigueintheworkplacedependingonworkcontexts,risksituationsandenvironments
Readingandinterpretinginstructions,procedures,regulationsandsignsrelatedtofatiguemanagementandapplyingthemtoworkactivities
Recognisingsymptomsoffatigueandtakingappropriateactioninaccordancewithfatiguemanagementregulationsandworkplaceprocedures
Workingcollaborativelywithotherstomanageandminimisetheeffectsoffatigueduringworkactivities.
ASSESSMENTCONDITIONS
Asaminimum,assessorsmustsatisfyapplicableregulatoryrequirements,whichincluderequirementsintheStandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisations,currentatthetimeofassessment.
Asaminimum,assessmentmustsatisfyapplicableregulatoryrequirements,whichincluderequirementsintheStandardsforRegisteredTrainingOrganisations,currentatthetimeofassessment.
Assessmentmustoccurinworkplaceoperationalsituationswhereitisappropriatetodoso;wherethisisnotappropriate,assessmentmustoccurinsimulatedworkplaceoperationalsituationsthatreplicateworkplaceconditions.
Assessmentprocessesandtechniquesmustbeappropriatetothelanguage,literacyandnumeracyrequirementsoftheworkbeingperformedandtheneedsofthecandidate.
Resourcesforassessmentinclude:
Arangeofrelevantexercises,casestudiesand/orothersimulation Relevantandappropriatematerials,tools,equipmentandpersonalprotective
equipmentcurrentlyusedinindustry Applicabledocumentationincludingworkplaceprocedures,regulations,codesof
practiceandoperationmanuals.
PRE‐REQUISITES
Thisunitmustbeassessedafterthefollowingpre‐requisiteunit:
Therearenopre‐requisitesforthisunit.
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TOPIC 1 – IDENTIFYANDACTONSIGNSOF FATIGUE
POTENTIALCAUSESOFFATIGUEAREIDENTIFIEDANDACTIONISTAKENTOMINIMISETHEIREFFECTSINACCORDANCEWITH
COMPANYPROCEDURES
ThebiggestsinglerisktoroadandworkplacesafetyinAustraliaisfatigue.Itisthecauseofapproximately20%ofalldriverdeathsinAustralia.Nearly40%ofIsraelirespondentsina2006studyreportedbeingfatiguedatleastonceperweek,and38%oftherespondentshadgoneovertheir12hrdrivingmaximuminthe24hoursbeforethesurvey,andtheyhavelighterworkingloadsandlessinteractionwithothercarsontheroad!
Therefore,yourroleinapplyingdevelopedstrategiestomanagefatigueplaysavitalrolenotonlyinkeepingdriversandworkerssafebutalsoinreducingtherisktothecommunity.Studies,beingcompletedcurrently,indicatethatfatigueisanimportantfactorinapproximately50%ofallworkplaceinjuriesbutthatcurrentresearchmethodsfailtoachievereliableresultsoftheseverityofthatimpact.
WHATISFATIGUE?
Fatigueisreducedperformancewhileperformingphysicalandmentaltasksduetolackofrestorativesleep.Fatiguecanalsobedefinedastiredness,exhaustion,lethargyandlistlessness.
Itdescribesaphysicalandmentalstateofbeingtiredandweak.Mentalfatigueusuallyaccompaniesphysicalexhaustion.Whensomebodyexperiencesphysicalfatigue,itmeanstheyareunabletomaintaintheirperformanceatphysicaltasksandlabour.Mentalfatigue,ontheotherhand,resultsinlowerconcentrationandsleepiness.
Physicalfatigue–istheinabilitytoperformormaintaintheperformanceofphysicalwork,ortasksthatrequirestrength.Physicalfatigueisduetothelackofstrength,staminaorgeneralphysicalexhaustion.Atworkthiscanbedemonstratedasdiminishedgrossmotorskills,manualhandlingstrainandinjury,slips,trips,falls,andfallingasleeporzoningoutonthejob.
Psychological(mental)fatigue–isthelackofconcentrationwhenperformingtasksduetomentalexhaustion.Atwork,thiscanbedemonstratedwithlessaccuracyinfinemotorskillwork,calculationsandcommunicationoutputs.
Themaincausesoffatigueinworkersinclude:
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Cause IndicatorsThenatureofwork
Workthatrequiresheavyconcentrationforextended
periods
Repetitiveormonotonouswork
Workthatrequiresphysicalstrengthorstamina,such
asmanualhandlingandheavylifting,cancauseboth
physicalandmentalfatigue
Workerscanbebothmentallyandphysicallyfatigued
atthesametime
Workingschedulesandarrangements
Lackofrestingtimeforworkerstorecoverandregain
theirstaminaintheworkingschedule
Shiftworkupsetsnaturalsleeprhythms.Thelengthofa
shiftandthetimeatwhichitoccurs(dayornight)can
increasetheriskoffatigue.Workingattimeswhen
workersarebiologicallyprogrammedtosleepand
workingforlongperiodscancontributetofatigue
Workershavingtoworkovertimeorhavingother
jobs/studyaswellastheirjobatthewarehouse
Workthatrequireslongcommutesandlotsoftravel
canputpressureontheworkersbeforetheyevenstart
working
Schedulesthatrequire17hoursofwakingtimebythe
endoftheshift
Workingconditions Inappropriateworkingconditions,suchasworkingina
placethatistoohotortoocold,canreduceworkers’
staminaandenduranceveryquickly
Lackofutilitiesthatcanbeusedtorelievepressure,
suchasdiningareas,aventilationsystemortoilets,can
alsoresultinfatigue
Organisationalfactors Anunhealthyworkingculturerequiringworkersto
workextendedhours(forexample,long‐hauldrivers)
Lackofflexibilityattheworkplace
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Lackofcommunicationduringwork
Lackofmotivationandworkingincentives
Lackofinformationandtraining
Workers’lifestyles Stayinguplateforpartying
Homeenvironment–asmallchildorbabycan
influencetheamountofsleep
Healthconditions–depressionorothermentalillness
Inadequatesleep(mostadultsneedseventoeight
hours)
Notenoughtimetosleepduetopersonal
circumstances(workduringthedayandstudyinthe
evening,havingpart‐timejob,etc.)
Poorqualitysleepsduetostress,depressionormental
illness
Alcoholanddruguse
Ageing(teenagerstendtosleeplater,olderworkers
sleepless).
Health Mentalhealthconditions
Insomniaorotherinadequateamountsofqualitysleep
Disruptionofcircadianrhythms(internalbiological
clock)becauseofmentalhealth,earlysignsof
Alzheimer’s,jetlag(aftertravelorbetweentimezones)
Diabetesorothermetabolicdisordersthatmeanthat
elementsoffooddonotbreakdownorgetabsorbedas
theyshouldcausingakindoftoxicity
Obesity
Conditionsoftheheart,lungs,bloodandnerves
Conditionsthatcausepain
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WHATISTHEIMPACTOFFATIGUE?
Twodifferentexternalfactorsfuelourbodies.Firstly,theintakeofadequatenutrientsincludingvitamins,minerals,salts,carbohydrates,proteins,fats,fibreandwater.Secondly,byadequaterapid‐eye‐movement(REM)sleepof7–9hoursinhealthyadultsandmorewhenyouareunhealthy.
Whenoneofthesefuelmethodsisdepletedthebodyrespondsintwoways.Firstly,itdrawsonthereservesourcesofenergyinthebodyworkingtometabolisefatsinthebodiestoprovideenergytothebodycellsbuteventually,thebodydoesnothaveenoughenergytodoeventhisbecausethisprocessalsotakesenergytoperform!Secondly,thebodybeginstoswitchoff,temporarily,functionsthatareenergy‐hungryinthebody,likefatmetabolism,areasofthebrainrelatedtofineandgrossmotorskillsandtheabilitytostimulatenerveendings.
Thelackoffatmetabolismthenleadstomorefatigueandmoresourcesoffatiguebecausethebodyactstostorethefatincaseitneedsitthenexttimeitgoesunfuelled.Sotired,fatiguedworkersgainweight.Thismakesthemmoresusceptibletohealthproblemsincludingobesity,diabetes,andheartandlungdisease.Thesehealthproblems,inturn,makeworkersmorevulnerabletofatigueandfatigue‐relatedeffects.
Thesecondaryfunction–switchingoffpartsofthebrain–isthecauseofaccidents,however.Haveyouevernoticed,thatwhenyouaretired,youaremorelikelytostubyourtoe,falloverorotherwiseinjureyourself?Thebody,havingusedallofthefuelitcanstopprovidingsupporttotheextremeedgesofyourbodylikeyourtoesandfeet,yourfingersandhandsandthetopedgesofthebrain.Youreyeswillstarttoache,yourhearingwillbecomemoreselective,youmayfeelyourheartraceandpressureinyourlungsandchestandlong‐term,yourexcretionsystembeginstoshutdowntoo.
Grossmotorskillsincludeactionsthatrequirethebodytomoveandrespondtoexternalpressures.Youuseyourgrossmotorskillstoliftyourarms,situpstraight,bend,stretch,useyourlegs,walkandrun.Ifthebodyisnotfuellingthesepartsofyourbodythenusebecomesimpaired.Youmightnoticethisatfirstaspinsandneedlesfeelingswhenyoutrytousethese.
Yourfinemotorskillsaretheothermovementsyourbodymakesthatarecontrolledandnecessarytolive.Forexample,theabilitytoswallow,blink,holdapensteadily,typeanduseallthemicro‐musclesandnervesinyourhands(tohold)andyourfeet(tostand).
Fatiguedworkersarelessproductiveandmorelikelytomakemistakesduringtheirwork.Sincefatigueaffectstheworker’sabilitytomaintainconcentrationandthinkcorrectly,fatiguedworkersmightfailtorecognisetheirconditionsandthesymptomsoffatigue.
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Mentalfatigueisespeciallydangerous,evenmorethanphysicalfatiguesinceworkersmightnotbeawareoftheirfatigue.Forjobsthatrequireconstantandheavyconcentration,suchasmachineryoperators,mentalfatiguecanleadtoverydangerousmistakes.
IDENTIFYINGFATIGUEHAZARDS
Thefirststepinmanagingfatigueisareviewofallfatiguehazardsandsourcesoffatiguehazardinyourworkplacethatcancontributetofatigueintheworkplace.
Therearemanysourcesofinformationyoucanresearchandcollectinformationonfatiguehazardsfrom,suchas:
Theworksystems,proceduresandpolicies
Rosters,schedulesandstatedworkroutinesforasingleperiodorlongterm
Incidentandaccidentreports
Workerswithinyourteamandgeneralworkenvironment
Youcanhelpyourworkplacetoidentifyhazardsbyreviewingthesystems,procedures,rostersandreportsthatapplytoyourworkandreportinganythingthatyouthinkcouldcausefatigue.
Youshouldconsideryourpersonallimitswhenmakingareportandaddressthesedirectly.Thismeansthatifyoufindthatsplitshift12hourdaysrequire17hoursofwakingtimebeforetheendofthesecondshift,andyouhavealreadydisclosedaneffectofyourhealth,thenitisreasonabletoreportanewscheduleorworkrosterthatwouldmakeitunsafeforyoutocomply.Likewise,ifyounoticeamiscalculationinmanualhandlingsafelimits–thatisformen16KGsingleorcombineditemweightinasinglecarriedloadandamaximumof8hoursadayofmanualexertion–youmustreportthisdatasorosterscanbealtered.
Youshouldalsoconsiderwhetherthehazardisbecauseoftheworkorwhetheritisbecauseofyourlifestyle.Youmayneedtoapplyforleavefollowingalongsocialweekasitisnotwork‐related.
Onceyouhaveidentifiedapotentialhazardyouwillneedto:
Reportthehazardusingahazardidentificationtoolasdesignedbyyour
workplaceandoutlinedinyourworkplacepoliciesandprocedures.You
shouldindicatethatthisisafatiguehazardwhereindicatedtodescribethe
hazard.Youshouldalsogivereasonswhyyoubelieveittobeafatiguehazard.
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Consultwithfront‐linemanagers,supervisors,workersandtheHealthand
Safetyrepresentativesabouttheworkloads,taskassignment,jobdesignand
workingschedules
Reviewyourownrecordstodeterminewhethertheworkinghoursare
appropriatebasedonyourallocationofduties,thetypeofworkandthe
weeksbeforeandaftertheschedule
Helpothermembersofyourteamtoreporttheirownfatiguehazardsand
anydetailsthathavebeenmiscalculatedormisjudged.
Onereasonthatpeoplesufferinjuriesfromfatigueisthattheydonotreportwhattheynoticeaboutworkloads,schedules,manualhandlingorconditions.Oftenpeopleareafraidthatiftheyspeakupthattheywillnotbetakenseriously,orthattheywillbetargetedforreducedhoursordismissal.
Remember:youhavearighttobesafeinyourworkplace,andthatdismissalisfarbetterthaninjuryanddeath.
Thataside,modernlawswillprotectyoufromthisbeingthecaseandwillcompensateyouifanemployermakesanerrorinjudgementfollowingareport.Inmostcases,anemployerwilltakethereportseriously,inlinewithyourpoliciesandprocedures,conferwithothersincludingexpertsandWorkSafeoritsequivalentinyourstateorterritoryandthenhelpyoutounderstandtheirfindings.
Ifaworkplacefindsthatthereisnohazard(unlikely),thenyoucanexpectadditionaltrainingandsupporttoidentifyhazards.
Ifyourworkplacefindsthatthereisahazardthenfirstlytheymustacttocontrolthathazardanditsassociatedrisks(youwilllearnmoreaboutthisinTopic2)andthentheymustsupportyouandyourfellowteammemberstoexecutethesecontrolstoensurethatyourworkissafe.
PERSONALWARNINGSIGNSOFFATIGUEARERECOGNISEDANDNECESSARYSTEPSARETAKENINACCORDANCEWITH
WORKPLACEPROCEDURES,TOENSURETHATEFFECTIVEWORKCAPABILITYANDALERTNESSARE
Thefirstandmostlogicalstepistorecogniseconditionsthatcontributetofatigueintheworkplace.Thisisparamounttobeingabletoultimatelycontrolitseffectonpeopleinyourworkplace,includingyourteammembers,anditseffectontheworktoo.Youhavelearnedaboutyourroleinidentifyingandreportinginthefirstsectionofthistopic.
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Secondly,youwillneedtobeabletorecognisefatigueasitoccursintheworkplaceamongstthosesameteammembersandonthatsamework.
Fatiguelookslike:
Yawning
Statingyouaretired,sleepyordrowsy
Beingtired,sleepy,drowsyorlethargic
Fallingasleep,needinganap,head‐noddingandmicro‐sleeping(falling
asleepforuptoafewsecondsandpotentiallynotknowingyou’vedoneso)
Anykindofuncharacteristicmistakesorfalters
Reluctancetocarryoutduties–especiallyfinedetailandgrossmotorwork
Achesandpainsinanypartofthebody
Blurredvision,difficultykeepingyoureyesopenandsore,dryorstinging
eyes
Increasedorsuddenirritability
Remainingtiredevenaftersleepandrest
Impairedcommunicationincludingbeinglessconversationalorlessclearin
communication
Reducedattentionspan,moreeasilydistracted,slowerreactions,clumsiness,
poorerhand‐eyecoordination,reducedmanualskills
Reducedshort‐termmemory,beingforgetfulorbeingunabletorecall
informationondemand
Lossofthe‘thebigpicture’asinveryfocusedoneorseveralfewsmalland
veryinsignificantissuesandbeingunabletoresolvetheseyourselforcutting
cornerstoovercomethese
Poorjudgmentofdistance,speedortime
Increasedrisk‐taking
Youmayalsonoticethesewarningsignsinotherswithwhomyouwork.Remember,thatnoteveryone,noryouwillexperienceallofthesesymptomsoreventhesamesymptomsindifferentevents.Fatiguelooksdifferentbasedontheperson,thetime,thecircumstanceandeventhecauseoffatigue.
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TAKINGACTIONONFATIGUE
Sometimes,youwillbeabletotakesmallactionstoovercomethefatiguethatisrelatedtotheworkingconditions.Thesetechniquesmayinclude:
Takingabreakof10–15minutes.
Beingactivewhenyouweresittingstillbeforeorsittingstillwhenyouhave
beenactive.
Havingapieceoffruit,vegetablesticks,atubofyoghurtorothersimilarbody
fuellingcomplexcarbohydrateandproteinproperties.
Drinkingaglassofwater.
Treatingpainconditionswithnon‐drowsypainmedications.
Goingindoorsifyouhavebeenoutdoorsforawhileorgoingoutdoorsifyou
havebeenindoorsforawhile.
Reducingtheheatintheimmediateareatoacomfortabletemperature
between17–23degrees.
Openingawindowtoimproveairflow.
Takingseveraldeep,lungexpandingbreaths.Concentrateondrawingair
throughthenoseandoutthroughthemouthwhilstcountingtoseven.
Haveapowernap.Thisisanapthatis10–15minutesinlengthandcanbe
takenanywhere–includingparkedsafelybythesideoftheroad.
Increasingthesourceofnaturallightorincreasingtheamountofwhitelight
atnight.
Switchingtasks,ifpossible,foraperiod.Doingsoallowsyourbrainto
exercisedifferentneurologicalpathwayswhichcanstimulatebloodflowand
oxygentothebrain.
Listeningtomusic.Likeswitchingtasks,musicinvolvesstimulationofother
areasofthebrain.
Itisessentialforyoutoidentifypeopleasfatiguehazardstoo.
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Criticaltasksarethosethatrequireahighlevelofconcentration,alertnessand/orco‐ordinationandwheretheconsequencesofamistakeorerrorinjudgmentcouldcauseseriousinjury.Beingmentallyalertandphysicallyrechargedisessentialto:
Drivingoroperatingheavymachinery,vehiclesorplant
Workingatheights
Hazardousworkse.g.electricalwork,workinginconfinedspaces,etc.
Handlingdangerousorhazardoussubstances
Ifyouaretired,orifyounoticesomeoneelseistiredorcouldpotentiallybefatiguedbasedontheinformationtheyhaveprovidedtoyou,youmusttakeitseriously.Thefirststepisalwaystotalktoyoursupervisorsothatinterventionscanbemadeimmediately.
Thenyoumust:
Identifytheproblemasa“nearmiss”incidentorusingyourworkplaces
fatiguenotificationprocesses
Contributetoclearandopendiscussionaboutfatiguewithyourfellowteam
members.Youmaybeaskedtotalkwiththegroupaboutaspectsofworkthat
contributetofatigue,orthesignsoffatiguewhichyouhaverecognisedand
nowknowwillaffectyourwork.
Followuponthenotificationtoidentifynewstrategiesandopportunities
whichcanbeappliedtoyourworktominimisetheriskofthishappeningin
thefuture
LEARNINGMOREABOUTFATIGUE
UndertheWHSAct,anypersonconductingbusinesshastheresponsibilitytokeepallworkers,employeesandpersonnelrelatedtotheirbusinesssafeandhealthy.Businessownersandmanagershavetoprovideinformation,instructions,trainingandsupervisiontoprotectworkersfromtheriskofinjuriesandwork‐relatedillness.
Trainingisvitalforbothemployeesandmanagers.Itprovidesthemwiththeknowledgerequiredtounderstandthehazardsandrisksassociatedwithfatigue.Trainingenablesyoutorecognisetherisksandhazardsbutalsoteachesyouhowtoimplementthenecessarycontrolmeasurestopreventfatiguefromhappening.
Employersshouldprovideyouwithtrainingaboutfatigue.You,therefore,havetheresponsibilitytoattendthetrainingandfollowinstructionsfrommanagerstolearnandimprove.
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Youshouldexpectandaskfortraininginregardsto:
Healthandsafetyrequirementsintheworkplace
Thehumanbiologicalclockandhowitrelatestofatigue
Symptomsoffatigue
Hazardsandrisksassociatedwithfatigue
Safetyconsequencesassociatedwithfatigue
Controlmeasuresthatcanpreventandmanagefatigue
Relevantpoliciesandprocedurestomanagefatigue
Medication,drugsandalcoholandtheirimpact
Theimportanceofpropernutrition,diet,generalfitnessandhealthissues
relatedtofatigue
Aworklifebalance
Howtomaintainahealthylifestyle
Youwillalsoneedtoidentifyandlearnfromarangeofinternalsourcesofinformationonfatigueincludingpoliciesandproceduressuchas:
WorkingfromHomepolicy
FitnessforWorkPolicy
CodeofConductorCodeofEthics
Recognisingthesymptomsoffatigue
Controllingfatigue
Properdesignanddevelopmentofworkingschedulesandrosters
Aneffectivefatiguemanagementprogramshouldtakeintoaccountthecompetenceoftheindividualemployeesovertimeandinarangeofcircumstances.Themainobjectiveofyourfatiguemanagementstrategiesistoensurethatemployeesaresafeandhealthywhenperformingtheirwork,beingfreefromfatigue.
Toensurethatyouarecompetentovertimeandinarangeofcircumstancesyoushouldconsideryourlearningneedsaspartofacontinuouscycle.Yourinitialtrainingwillprovideyouwithaplanforcarryingoutyourdutiessafelyandeffectivelyinlinewithyourworkplacespoliciesandprocedures.Butasyoudoyourworkandgettoknowthe
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environmentyouwillnoticethingsthatarenotadequatelycontrollingtheriskoffatigue.Youwillneedtoclosethegapbetweenthestrategiestomaintainconstantcontrolofrisksbygettingfurthertrainingandadoptingnewstrategies.
Therearemanydifferenttraininganddevelopmentprogramsthatyoucanparticipateintocontinuouslyimproveyourownpracticeandsuggestforthebettermentofyourcolleaguestoo.
Programscouldinclude:
Typeofdevelopmentprogram
Examples
Trainingprograms On‐the‐jobtrainingorclasses
Fatigueandsafetyrelatedtopics
Networking Allowingemployeestotalkaboutanddiscussfatigueandfatiguemanagementwithotherpeople
Expandingthenetworkofworkerswithinthesameworkingareai.e.includingpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsandpathwaysintologistics,levelsofexperience,agegroupsandroles
Onlinelearningresources
Researchusingwebsites,forums,socialmedia,andonlineclassrooms
Subscriptiontonewslettersandlearningresources
Updatesfromexpertsonhealthandsafetyissues
Chatdialoguestohavequestionsanswereddirectlybygovernmentrepresentatives
Browsinggovernmentwebsitesforlearningresourcesonfatiguemanagement
FacebookandLinkedIngroupsandotherforums
Connectingwithlike‐mindedpeople.
Askingquestions
Sharingexperiences
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Learningfrompeers
Shortcourses Providingbasicknowledgeaboutfatigue
Providinginstructionsandcompanyspecificpolicies
Onlinecourses,workshops,in‐services
Meetingsanddiscussion Teambasedmeetings
Agendaitemsfocussedonfatigueandsafetyissues
Specificmeetingstodiscussfatigue
Toolboxmeetingsbeforeeachshift.
Coachingandsupervision
Discussingspecificproblems
Focusingonstrategiesandtechniques
Short‐termpracticalsolutionsandimmediateoutcomes
Externalconsultant Havingdiscussionswithhealthandsafetyspecialists
Consultingwithexpertsaboutfatigue,healthylifestyles,dieting,exercising,etc.
Internalconsultant Discussionwithmanagersorsupervisors
Casualconversationduringbreaks,lunch,etc.
Therearealsoanumberofmodesoftrainingthatmayhelpyoutofindprogramsthatareinterestingandprovideyouwithexperiencesandexposuretoothersinsimilarsituations.Theseinclude:
Distanceandremotelearning
Thismethodoflearninginvolveslearningbygettinginformationandguidancefrompeoplewhoarenotco‐locatedwiththelearnere.g.Learningviavideos,television,audiorecordings,etc.
Jobassignment Thismethodfocusesonthelearnerdoingassignmentsrelatedtotheknowledgeandskillstheyarelearning;theycanwritereportsorsolveproblemsthatrequirethemtoresearch,learnandapplytheirknowledge
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Jobrotation Thismethodallowslearnerstoexperienceabroadrangeofworkenvironments,culturesandchallengesbyassigningthemtodifferentjobsandpositionsintherosterwhereapplicable
Off‐jobtraining Learnerscanbesenttouniversities,collegeortrainingcentresthatprovideformalandstructuredlessons.Thislearningtakesplaceoutsideoftheworkplaceandallowsthelearnertolearnandpracticetheirskillsinasafeenvironment.
Orientationandinduction:
Theverybasictrainingproceduresthathelpnewemployeesbecomefamiliarwiththecompany’sworkingproceduresandprocesses
On‐the‐jobtraining Theoppositeoftheoff‐jobtraining,thismethodoccursintheworkplaceandrequiresthelearnertoperformtheirjob.Thishelpsthelearnersdeveloppracticalskillsandexperience.
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TOPIC 2 ‐ IMPLEMENTSTRATEGIES TOMINIMISE FATIGUE
WORKPLACEPROCEDURESAREASSESSEDTOMINIMISEFATIGUE
Whohasthehealthandsafetyresponsibilitytomanagefatigue?You.
Employeesandmanagershavearesponsibilitytoensurefatiguedoesnotimpactonthesafetyandwell‐beingofthemselvesandothers.
EmployeesneedtoidentifyandassesswhetherfatigueisanOHS/WHSissueforthemselvesandothersintheworkingenvironment.Theseproceduresmusttakeintoaccountsafeworkingthresholds,thenatureoftheworkbeingconductedthatmaybeoutsideindustryexpectationsandworkplacehazardsandcontrolsthatincreasefatigue.
Onewaythatyoucanassesstheproceduresthatapplyinyourworkplaceistouseafatigueriskchecklistlikebelow,todeterminetheriskofspecificproceduresandcombinationsofprocedures.Todeterminetheriskyouwouldrevieweachprocedureandassignitariskrating,thenreviewsproceduresthatarefollowedconcurrently(atthesametime)andassigntheseratingstoo.Forexample,toconductdeliveriesmayhaveadeliveryprocedure,documentationprocedures,manualhandlingprocedures,drivingproceduresandevencommunicatingwithbaseproceduresallbeingconductedatthesametime.
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Usethisriskchecklist(AustralianMedicalAssociation,2008):
Lowerrisk Significantrisk Higherrisk
Lessthan50hoursofscheduledwork
50to70hoursofscheduledwork
Morethan70hoursofscheduledwork
Nomorethan10‐12consecutivehoursinanyoneperiod
Upto14consecutivehoursinanyoneperiod
14ormoreconsecutivehoursscheduledatleasttwice
Threeormoreshortbreakstakenorallowedforduringdailyworkinghours
Oneortwoshortbreaksallowedforandtakenduringdailyworkinghours
Noshortbreaksallowedfor andtakenduringdailyworkinghours
Littleornounscheduledextrawork
Morethan10hoursextraunscheduledwork
Morethan20hoursunscheduledextrawork
Scheduledoncallforlessthan3daysinsevendays
Scheduledoncallfor3daysormoreina7dayperiod
Scheduledoncallcontinuouslyformorethan7dayperiod
NonightworkAtleast2nightsofworkorextendedhoursintothenight
Atleast3nightsofworkorextendedhoursintothenight
Minimum10‐hourbreaksbetweenworkperiodsand2daysfreeofwork
Minimum10‐hourbreaksbetweenworkperiodsandonedayfreeofwork
Lessthanminimum10‐hourbreakonatleasttwoworkperiodsandnofulldayfreeofwork
Nochangestoworkschedulewithoutnotice
Changestoworkschedulethroughadditionalhoursandovertime
Workschedulechangedsomuchbecauseofadditionalhoursandovertimehasbecomeunpredictable
Maximumopportunityforsleeptobetakenatnight,includingtwofullnightsofsleep
Abouttwo‐thirdsofsleepabletobetakenatnightincludingonefullnightofsleep
Lessthanhalfofsleepabletobetakenatnightandnoopportunityforonefullnightofsleep
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Informationrelatingtotherisksandhazardscausedbyfatigue,inyourownworkplace,canalsobedrawnfromincidentreports,nearmisslogs,accidentrecords,hazardidentificationreports,riskmanagementtablesorregistersandotherinternalreportsthattalkabouttheexpectationsofindividualsandteams.Ifyourroleinvolvessupervisionormanagementofothers,youwillroutinelybeexposedtothisinformationasitisdistributed.However,ifyoureporttoothers,youwilllikelyonlybetoldthefactsastheyrelatetoyourcurrentrole.
Asmostrisksandhazards,causedbyfatigue,areassociatedwithmistakesmadebythefatiguedworkers,itisnecessarytoinspecttheproceduresthatyouarelikelytousetoidentifyanycontrolsfor:
Misuseoftoolsandequipmentthatmaycausephysicalinjuriese.g.cutting
oneselfwithaknifeorscissors
Prolongedphysicalexhaustione.g.manualliftingforanextendedperiodof
timewhichmaycausephysicalinjuries
At‐height,above‐headorotherworkwithariskoffallsleadingtohead
injuries,breaksandstrains
Calculationsofquantities,readingoflabelsandhandlingofdangerousgoods
andsubstanceswhichcanleadtoexposuretoxicity,burns,breathing
difficultiesandlungscarring
Comprehensionofinstructions,workingproceduresandthecorrectionof
inaccuracies,mistakesandproblemswhichcanleadtomanydifferenttypes
ofinjuriesfromphysicaltopsychological,biological,chemicalormechanical
Lackofconcentrationwhilstoperatingheavymachinerywithrealrisksof
fatalityandserious,permanent,physicaldisability
Youshouldalsoreviewprocedures,policiesandworkrolestoidentifyhowtheyfitwithyourownpersonalcircumstances,andyoushouldworkwithothersinyourteamtoidentifyanychangesthatmayimpactyourlifestyles,healthandfitnessmaintenanceactivities,familyresponsibilitiesandotherlifemanagementobligations.
Aworkerwhofeelsthepushtoworkeverydayduringthehourswhentheywouldotherwiseberequiredtomaintaintheirfinances,enquireabouttheirhealthorenjoytheirfamilymayalsofeelthepushtomakeupforlosthoursoutsideofworkinghoursfurtherleadingtofatigue.
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Thereareanumberofcombinationsofinternalinformationthatmayleadtothisincreasedpressureincluding:
Minimumshifthours,therosteredhoursandmaximumweeklythresholds
advisedincontractsandpositiondescriptions.
Specifieddaysandtimesforshiftsthatregularlyrequirebeforeandafter
businesshoursdeliveriesandMondaytoFridayattendance(i.e.6am–6pm
MondaytoFriday)leavingnotimeforpersonalresponsibilitiesduring
businesshoursandstrictleavepoliciesthatrestrictthedays/periodsfor
whichsomeonecanapplyforortakeleave.
Shiftworkerswhomustworkminimumhoursperweekandcomplywith
minimumsleepthresholdsandminimumhoursoffbetweenshifts
Thisiswhyitisimportanttoreviewprocedures,policies,codesofconductandcodesofethics,positiondescriptions,keyperformanceindicatorsandothersourcesofgovernanceseparatelyandtogetherindifferentcombinations.
REGULATIONSANDLEGISLATION
Itiscalleda‘breach’whenastaffmemberexceedsthemaximumnumberofhoursordoesnottakethebreaksscheduledandspecifiedbytheNationalRegulations.Youwillneedtousetheregulations,andanyfurtherroadandworkplaceregulationsinyourstateorterritory,todeterminethetypeofbreachthatoccursandanyactionsthatneedtobetaken.
Legislation Description Source
WorkHealthandSafetyAct2011OROccupationalHealthandSafetyAct2004(forVictorians)
Theworkhealthandsafety(WHS)Actdefinestheresponsibilitiesofindividualswithinaworkplaceinrelationtoidentification,reporting,controlandresponsetohazards.
https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011A00137
HeavyVehicle(Fatigue
Thisdocumentstatestheminimumexpectationsofallbusinesses,whooperateaheavyvehicle,inrelationtofatiguesafetyandmonitoring.These
https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURR
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Management)NationalRegulation
requirementsincludeworkdiaries,chainofresponsibilityandmaximumworkingthresholds.
ENT/H/HeavyVehFMNR.pdf
DangerousGoodsActinyourstateorterritory,theAustralianDangerousGoodsCodeversion7.4andIATADangerousGoodsbyAir
Australiahasbothstatelawsfortransportofdangerousgoodsinaccordancewithstate‐basedroadlawsandanationalcodethatapplytoanyonewhomovesdangerousgoodsclassifiedinthenationalcodeorbyHAZMATandInternationalDangerousGoodssystems.Theserequirethatthetypeofgoodsbedisclosedonthetransportvehicle,thattheriskisidentifiedandmitigatedforthegoodsthemselvesandforthetransportprocesses.Thisincludesminimisingtheriskoffatigueleadingtomiscalculation,errororcomplacency.
https://infrastructure.gov.au/transport/australia/dangerous/dg_code_7e.aspx
AustralianRoadRules,Regulations,ComplianceandEnforcement
Therearebothstateandnationalroadrulesandregulationsforensuringthatalldriversarefittodrive,havethenecessaryskillsandtrainingandareendorsedforthetypeofvehicletheydrive.Thisincludeslicensingregulations,rulesfortransportofgoodsespeciallyoversizedgoods,anddrugandalcoholcompliancelimits.Theselawsrequirealldriverstobeself‐awareoftheirfatigue,theamountofdrivingtheyaredoingandcausesoffatiguesuchasalcoholanddrugs.
NationalLawhttp://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_reg/arr210/
And
https://www.nhvr.gov.au/safety‐accreditation‐compliance/on‐road‐compliance‐and‐enforcementYourstateorterritorybasedroadtransportauthorityi.e.VicRoadsinVictoria
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CodesofPractice
Description WebLocation
ConfinedSpaces
Thecodeofpracticeforconfinedspacessuggestsappropriatepracticesthatcanbeusedtominimiseconfinedspacework,improveairflow,ensuretrainingissufficientandeffective,securethelocationoftheconfinedspaceandcontrolotherrisksandhazards.Whilstitdoesnotspecificallymentionfatigue,itdoesimplythatalackofaccuracyandawarenessofsurroundingsareleadingcontributorstoaccidentandinjury.Bothlackofaccuracyandawarenessareeffectsoffatigue.
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/634/Confined_SpacesV2.pdf
WorkHealthandSafetyConsultation,CooperationandCoordination
Thiscodeofpracticeprovidesstrategiesandopportunitiesforconsultationintheworkplacetoimproveemployeecooperationinmaintainingsafety.Whilstitdoesnotspecificallymentionfatigue,itdoesmakeconsultationonallmattersofsafetyamatteroflegalpriority.
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/624/Work_Health_and_Safety_Consultation_CoOperation_and_CoOrdination.pdf
Managingelectricalrisks
Apersonwhoworkswithorinanareawithelectricalriskscanbeatgreaterriskofinjuryanddeathwhenfatigued.Thiscodeofpracticeidentifiesfatigueasbeingacontributingsourceofrisk,especiallywhereapersonisnotfittocarryouttheirdutiesbecauseofnon‐workrelatedfatigue.
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/699/managing‐electrical‐risks.pdf
Hazardousmanualhandling
Fatiguecontributestoinjurieswhenworkingwithhazardousmaterialsandingeneralmanualhandling.Manualhandlingisanypushing,pulling,lifting,carryingorotheractivitythatinvolvesthebodiesinteractionwithanotherobject.Analreadyfatiguedbody,oronethatbecomesfatiguedbymanualhandling,isatgreaterriskofthemusculoskeletaldisorder.
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/640/COP_Hazardous_Manual_Tasks.pdf
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Safeworkplacedesign
Aworkplacethatisnotlaidoutinawaythatminimiseswalking,movementofitems,interactionwithmachineryandotherobjectsinamovementpathandsafereachisonethatisalsoatriskofacutephysicalfatigue.Thiscodeofpracticesuggestslayoutsandwaysofdetermininglayoutsofbusinessestoreducethisrisk.
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/698/Safe%20Design%20of%20Structures.pdf
Toidentifybreaches,itisimportantthatyouregularlyreviewrosteredorscheduledhoursandjobsversustheactualnumberofhourscarriedout.Youcanidentifyyourownbreachesorlikelybreachesandreportthesetoavoidfuturerepercussions.Repercussionscouldincludesanctionsforyourcompany,workhealthandsafetypenaltiesandfines,nottomentionhealthandsafetyissues!Youcandothisby:
Reviewingworkdiaries Comparingdatabetweenworkdiaries,schedulesandtimesheets Usingaschedule Usingacomputer‐basedinformationsystemthattracksjobs,allocated
workers/driversanddispatchandarrivaltimes UsingGPSequipment Creatingrelationshipswithstafftoensurethattheycanbehonestandvoice
concernsabouttimeframes Usingsystemsthatmakestaffcheckinandoutforbreaks Participatingincoachingonaone‐to‐onebasis,atleast,monthlytoreview
workdiariesanddiscussproblems
Itisimportanttoidentifywhybreachesorlikelybreacheshaveoccurred.Whenyouaremakingyourreportyoushouldidentifyanytimelineissuessuchas:
Heavytraffic Clientdelays Injuryorillness Anextendedbreakduringtheshiftthatdoesmeettheregulations Unforeseencircumstances,suchastrafficdiversions,busyclients,competing
orcomplexinstructions
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FACTORSTHATINCREASETHERISKOFFATIGUE‐RELATEDACCIDENTSANDINCIDENTSAREMINIMISED
Fatiguenotonlylowerstheproductivityofyourworkersbutcanalsobeamajorcontributingfactortowork‐relatedinjuriesandillness.Thereareseveralsafetyconsequencesoffatiguethatyouneedtobeawareof.
Theeffectsoffatigueonyourworkerscanincludebothlong‐termandshort‐termeffects.Short‐termeffectsinclude:
Havingahardertimeconcentratingandavoidingdistractions.
Beunabletothinkclearlyandanalysetheirworkingconditions
Havereducedabilitytomakegooddecisions
Notbeabletorecallevents,timing,instructionsortoremembersequences
Havebadhand‐eyecoordination
Beunabletocommunicateeffectivelywithothers
Beunabletocontroltheiremotions
Notbeawareofcomplexanddangeroussituations
Notbeabletorecogniseriskandtheirownimpairment
Highererrorrates
Slowerreactiontimes
Micro‐sleepsduringwork
Alloftheimpairmentslistedabovewillincreasethelikelihoodofaccidentsandinjuriesfortheworkers,especiallyforanyworkrelatedtomachineryandvehicles.Thankfully,shorttermaffectscanberectifiedwithseveralnightsofdeepREMsleepandtheuseofstressandfatiguemanagementstrategies.
Besidestheshort‐termsafetyconsequences,workerswhoareexposedtomentalandphysicalpressureforextendedperiodoftimecanalsoexperiencelong‐termeffectslike:
Increasedlikelihoodofheartdisease
Diabetes
Highbloodpressure
Gastrointestinaldisorders
Depressionandothermentalillness
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Thesefactorscanleadtounexpectedandunexplainedfatigueinworkplaces.Theseeffectsarelesslikelytoleadtoanidentificationofahazardorriskandare,therefore,morelikelytoleadtoaccidentsevenwhencontrolshavebeenapplied.
Toreduceandminimisetheriskofshortandlong‐termeffectsoffatigueyouwillneedconsiderarangeofstrategiesforyourownrole,andinnegotiationwithyoursupervisor,suchas:
Complyingwithminimumtimeoffandensuringthatyoursupervisoralso
complieswiththesestandards.
Usingweekendsandrestdaystorecuperate–youwilllearnmoreaboutthis
laterinthismanual.
Takingyourminimumleaveperiodsannuallyoverseveralshorterbreaks.
Minimisingyourworkplacestressbybeingdirectandupfrontabout
problemsbeforetheyaffectsleepormentalhealth.
Takingsickleavewhenyoufeelunwellincludingatleastonedayofrestafter
yourrecoverytorestoreyourbody’streatmentandresistancecells.
Buying‐intorostered‐day‐offsystemstoensureyougetabreakatleast
monthly.
Agreeingtocontractsthatsetworkhoursanddays.
SigncontractsthatmakeitclearhowpeakperiodsandChristmasperiodswill
behandledtoensurethebalancebetweenworkandhomelifeismaintained.
FATIGUEMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESAREIMPLEMENTEDINACCORDANCEWITHWORKPLACEPOLICY
Wehavealreadylookedatarangeofmanagementstrategiesthatcanbeappliedtoworksuchasrecognisingandacknowledgingindicatorsoffatigue,reportingrisksandhazards,analysingyourownroleandthatofpeoplewhomyouworkwithtoidentifyanyriskstoyoupersonallyandminimisingshortandlongtermeffectsoffatigue.
Youshouldalsoconsultyourfatiguemanagementplantoidentifystrategiesidentifiedbyyourworkplaceasbeingsuitableforthealreadyidentifyhazardsandrisks.
Eachbusinesswillhaveitsownfatiguemanagementplan;sometimesthesearecalledriskmanagementimplementationplans.Theplanwillincludepoliciesandproceduresspecificallyrelatedtofatiguemanagement,thelikelyrisksandactionsthatcanbetaken
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tocorrectbreachesorrespondtofatigue.Aswithallplans,itisimportantthattheyarereviewedregularlytoensurethattheinformationremainscurrent.
TheplanisanessentialpartoftheOccupationalHealthandSafety(OHS)complianceactivitieswithinyourorganisation,asitspecificallyrelatestohealth,wellbeingandsafety.ItalsoensurescompliancewithrelevantlegislationsuchastheHeavyVehicleNationalLawandtheHeavyVehicle(FatigueManagement)NationalRegulations.HavingandusingthisplanmayalsounderpinriskmanagementtoequipmentandtothedeliveryofServiceoutcomes,rosteringandstaffmanagement,maintenanceschedules,aswellasotherprocessesandprocedures.
TheNationalRegulations5–10requirethatmaximumworkingtimesareadheredtocompletelyandthatminimumbreaktimesareprovidedduringworkingperiods(notthebeginningorendofashift).
Toensurethisiscompliedwith,eachdrivermustmaintainaworkdiarythatiscollated,analysedandfiledbythecompanyperiodically(Regulations13–21).Ifyourroleinvolvesdriving,youwillneedtokeepthisworkdiarytoo.
TheOccupationalHealthandSafetyregulationsdovaryindifferentstatesanddependingondifferentworkers’roles.However,eachrequiresthatfatigueismonitoredandmanagedtopreventsickness,injuryandmentaleffect.YoucanaccesstheNationalRegulationsviatheWorkSafetywebsiteinyourstateorterritory.
Youcanmonitoryourowncompliancewiththeregulationsandfatiguemanagementplanby:
Locating,accessingandreadingcopiesoftheregulations,includingfact
sheetsandtipssothatyoucanidentifyneworemergingstrategiesandhelp
feedthesebacktoyouremployer
Locatingandreadingworkplacepolicies,procedures,jobdescriptionsand
workdutiesandensuringthatyoureadallnotificationsofchanges.This
ensuresyouarealwayscompletingworkinacompliantway
Completingyourworkdiaryaccuratelyandensuringyoudonotleaveany
sectionsblank.Youshouldworkwithyoursupervisortoidentifythe
requirementsforaworkdiaryinyourworkplaceandthetypesof
informationtheywishforyoutorecordforreviews
Contributingtofatigueconversationsduringmeetingsincludingraising
issuesaboutstress,well‐being,opportunities,threats,worriesandsafety
clearly,regularlyandinaconsultative,interactiveandinclusiveway
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Attendingandevenseekingoutcoachingorsupervisionappointmentsto
discussentriesinworkdiaries,possiblesourcesoffatigue,currenthealthand
well‐beingandtoidentifyopportunitiesforimprovedworkplacepracticeto
reducestress
Toeffectivelycombatthehealthandsafetyrisksassociatedwithfatigue,itisbesttoeliminatethefactorsthatcontributetofatigue.Althougheliminationisthemosteffectivecontrolmeasuretopreventfatigue,itisnot,however,alwaysaviableoption.
Whenyoucannotcompletelyremovethesourcesoffatigue,youshouldtakereasonablestepstomanagetheriskoffatigueleadingtoinjuriesandillness.Controlmeasurescandifferbetweenbusinesses,dependingonspecificbusinesscircumstancesandthescaleoftheorganisation.Forinstance,asmallbusinesswith5employeeswillnotfacethesamefatigueproblemsasalargerbusinesswith500employees.
Youwillneedacombinationofcontrolmeasurestoensurethatallaspectsoffatigue,includingbothwork‐relatedandpersonalissues,aremanagedsuccessfully.
Considerthefollowingstrategiesaddressedasheadingsbelow.
WORKSCHEDULINGANDPLANNING
Identifyingschedulesandplansassourcesofworkplacestressandfatigue.Youmustworkwithyourbusinessto:
Designworkinghoursandrostersthatallowfortheopportunitytohavesolidstretchesandenoughsleepandenoughrecoverytimebetweenshifts
Developworkingpoliciesthatlimitthemaximumweeklyworkinghoursandtotalworkinghours
Avoidanyworkarrangementthatprovideincentivesforworkerstoworkexcessivehours
Consideranychangeinworkpaceandworkloadduetounanticipatedeventssuchasmachinerybreakdownsandworkersbeingsick/absentfromwork
Haveaccesstoon‐callworkerstocoveranysuddendemandforlabourduetoemergencies
Haveaseparatescheduleforsafety‐criticalworkoutsidethedangerousperiods(between2amand6am,orbetween2pmand4pm),whenworkerscanbeeasilyfatigued
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ROSTERING
Rosteringcanalsobeusedtoaddresstheriskoffatigueandanyhazardsassociatedwithfatigue.Youmustworkwithyourorganisationtoconsiderandimplementthefollowingrosteringmethodsforfatiguecontrol:
Usingaforwardrotationsystemwhereworkersworkfromdaytoeveningto
night
Designingarosterwherethereareadequaterecoveryperiodsbetweenshifts,
soworkerscantravel,eatandrefresh
Whereapplicable,morningshiftsshouldnotstartbefore6am
Reducingshiftlength
Avoidingsplitshiftsthatcandisruptworker’ssleepandrest
Avoidingassigningworkerstoshiftsthatcanaffecttheirsleepamountor
qualitye.g.assigningthemtomorningandlatenightshifts
Allowingworkerstheopportunitytohavesomeinputonrostering,sothey
canadjusttheirworkinghourstosuitthembetter
Ensuringthattherostersincludethepropercombinationofworkersin
respecttoskillsandexperience
SHIFTWORK
Asmentionedabove,shiftworkersareverylikelytobefatiguedduetothenatureofshift‐work.Youmustworkwithyourbusinesstoassessandimplementthefollowingmeasurestocontrolrisksassociatedwithshiftworksuchas:
Planningshiftrostersandschedulesaheadoftimetoallowworkerstimeto
plantheirpersonalactivitiesandsleepingschedule
Avoidmakingsuddenchangestoworkingschedulesandshiftchangeovers
(suchasfinishingat11pmandworkingagainat8amthenextday)
Managinganyovertimeandshiftswapping
Allowingshiftworkerstohaveconsecutivedaysofftorestandrefresh
Consideringpublictransportavailabilityandcommutingtimewhen
designingshiftpatterns
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Providingtransportationtoworkerswhohavetoworkovertimeorlong
shifts
Limitingtheaverageworkinghoursandtotalworkinghoursperdayand
week(12hoursperdayincludingovertime)
Limitingthenumberofconsecutivenightshiftsandovertimeforeachworker
Avoidinganyallocationtothenightandlatenightshifts(after10or12pm)
Providingsufficientinformationtoworkersaboutschedulingandtime
managementsoworkerscanavoidfatigue
NIGHTWORK
Nightwork,especiallylonghaulworkthatoccursovernightonanon‐regularbasis,isdifficultonthehumanbodybecausewearedesignedtoworkonacircadianrhythminconjunctionwiththesunrisingandsetting.Anyworkersworkingnightshiftswillbeexposedtoadditionalfatigueriskrelatedtothatcircadianrhythmandtheirbiologicalclock.Workwithyourworkplacesupervisorsto:
Considercarefullywhetherthenightworkisnecessaryandmake
arrangementssothatanysafetycriticalworkisnotcarriedoutduringthe
night
Keepthenightshiftstoaminimumandavoidmakingworkerswork
consecutivenightshifts(nomorethanfourconsecutivenights)
Allowworkersa48hourperiodtorestbetweeneachsetofshifts
Allowworkerswhoworknightshiftsregularlysometimetocatchupontheir
sleepdebts
Ensurethattherosterallowsworkers,atleast,twofullnight’ssleepafterthe
lastnightshift
Beforeyouassignworkerstonightshifts,youshouldgivethemnotice(at
least24hoursbefore)sotheyhavetimetoadjusttheirschedule
Minimisethenumberofnightshiftsfornewworkersorworkersreturning
fromleave,sotheyhavethetimetoadapt
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WORKBREAKS
Breaksareessentialtoworkers,especiallyworkerswhoworklongshiftsorovertime.Personally,youshould:
Havebreaksduringandbetweenshifts,inlinewithyourorganisation's
policiesandprocedurestorelax,eat,drinkwater,exercise,participatein
recreationalactivities,andsleep
Takeannualleaveyearly,forseveraldaysatatime.Considermakingyour
annualleavecoincidewithothernationalevents
Avoidvolunteeringtoworkeveryweekendorout‐of‐hoursespeciallyif,for
you,thisisasourceofstress
Beawareofhowtheactivitiesthatyouundertakeduringthesebreaksaffect
fatigue
ON‐CALLANDCALLBACKWORK
Oncallworkisthatwhichrequiresworkerstofrequentlycarryoutworkactivitiesonanad‐hocorasrequiredbasis.Thiscouldincludesituationswhereworkisonlycarriedoutonabookingbasis,wherestaffarerequiredtoattendtoemergenciesorwherethereareexpertsthatmayneedtoprovideadviceindifficultsituations.Peoplewiththisrelationshipintheirworkmayworkasetnumberofhoursperweekandthenbeoncallforanotherportionoftheirworkhours,ortheymaynothaveanysethours,andtheyonlyworkwhenthereisarequirementtoo.
Conversely,call‐backworkrequiresthatworkerscompletetheirminimumhoursbutmaybecalledbacktothejobinordertocarryoutspecificproceduresortasksinarangeofsituations.Thisisafeatureofworkwherethereispeakperiods,peaktimes,unordinaryworkloadsandwheretherearespecialisedskillsrequiredforsomeaspectsofwork.
Ifyouareinoneofthesesituationsyoushouldworkwithyourorganisationtoensure:
shiftsandrostersallowworkerstohaveagoodsleepandadequatetimetorecoverbetweenshifts
workersareprovidedwithopportunitiestosleepandrecoverininstanceswhenworkershavetoworkoncallafterthenormalshift
separateworkschedulesandpoliciesapplytoworkerswiththesespecificworddemands
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SEASONALWORK
Seasonalworkoftenrequiresshortperiods,relatedtotheseasons,whereworkisperformedathighintensity.Itisparticularlycommoninbusinessesrelatedtoagriculture,produceandfarmingsuchasberry,cherryoravocados,lambandporkorwhostock,supplyordelivergoodsforspecificeventssuchasEaster,Christmas,AustraliaDay,MothersandFather’sDay,andValentine’sDay.
Becausetheseasonscanbeshortandthereisalotofworktodotoensurethatproductsarenotwasted,workerscanbeunderpressuredtoworkmorehours,takerisks,cutcornersandgenerallyworkharder.
Youshouldworkwithyourbusinessto:
Developproceduresandprotocolsforrestandbreaksduringlongwork
hoursorwherelongwork‐relatedtravelisrequired
Provideworkerswithaccommodation,meals,waterandnecessaryutilities
forrelievingpressure,soworkersdon’thavetospendalotoftime
commuting
Consideradditionalstaffinanefforttoimproveworkplacesafety,reduce
accident‐relatedexpenseanddamagerelateddowntimeandimprove
conditions
LEAVEMANAGEMENT
Thenationalemploymentstandardsrequirethatallfull‐timeemployeesareentitledtofourweeksofannualleaveperyear.Thisiscalculatedatthenumberofbasehoursapersonisemployedfor,andthisappliestopeopleeveniftheyareemployedinshiftworkandrosteredconditions.Thismeansthatifyouareemployedfora60hourweek,onafull‐timepermanentbasis,thenyouwillget4x60hoursofpaidannualleaveperyear(240hours)orifyouareemployedforjust38houryouwillget4x38paidhoursofannualleaveperyear(152hours).
Youarealsoentitledtoaminimumof8dayspaidsickorpersonalleave.
Ifyouworkonapart‐timebasis,thisiscalculatedatthepro‐ratarateasperabove.Soa20hourweekequatesto80hoursofannualleave.
Youareonlytakingannualleavewhenyouapplyforit,anditisapprovedbyyourwork‐thismeansthatyouarenotonannualleavewhenyouareinjured,sick,usingyourtimeinlieu,onarostereddayofforwhenyourworkplaceisonshutdown(unlessyouremploymentarrangementstatesthatthereisaminimumshutdownperiodeachyear).
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Likewise,itisNOTannualleaveifyoudecidenottoworkonadaythatisnotpartofyourworkplaceagreement.ThismeansthatmeansifyouregularlyworkSundaysonavoluntarybasisbutyourworkdaysareMondaytoSaturday;youarenotobligatedtouseannualleaveonSunday.Youmust,however,informyourworkplacethatyouarenotavailableontheSundayofaleaveweek(usingtheexampleabove!).
Youshouldworkwithyourworkplaceto:
Designproceduresandpoliciestokeeptrackofaccruedleavebalancesand
requestsforleavefromworkers
Planrostersandschedulesahead,withconsiderationtorequestsforleave
andshiftswaps
Considerthemaximumandoptimumamountofleavethatyourworkerscan
takeatonetime
Considerusingseasonalstafforcasualstafftofillvacantpositionsas
reasonablypracticable
Ensurethatyouhavetakenintoaccounttheimpactworkers’leavehaveon
yourservicedelivery
Makesurethatyouhavesufficientworkerstofillworkingroster
Forareaswherethereisahighdemandforlabour,youshouldmaintaina
reliefpool
Haveaccesstocasualandon‐callworkersforanyunplannedleave,absence
oremergencieswhereyouneedadditionallabour
Constantlymonitortheworkperformanceandworkingtimeoftherostered
staffandorganiseworkerstohaveextendedbreakswhererequired
FLY‐IN,FLY‐OUTWORK(FIFO)
Fly‐in,fly‐out(FIFO)referstothemethodofemployingworkersinremoteareaswhereworkersaretransportedtotheworksiteandhavetoworkanumberofdays.Thentheyaretransportedbacktotheirhomeforanumberofdaystorestandrefresh.UnderFIFO,workerswillworklongshifts(12hoursperday)continuouslyforanumberofdaysandthenspendalltheirdaysoffathome.
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WithFIFO,youshouldconsiderthefollowingfactors:
Developingworkingpoliciesandschedulesandprovideinformationtoworkersabout:
o Thenumberofhoursthattheycanworkoverthethree‐monthperiod
o Thenumberofnightshiftsandconsecutivenightshiftstheycanwork
o Theperiodofnon‐workfollowingthenightshifts(minimum24hours)
o Theallowanceforadequatesleepbeforetheirfirstshiftastheyreturnfromresttooperation
Developingplansandpoliciestoaddressanyissuerelatedtounexpecteddelays;forinstance,providingworkerswithtemporaryaccommodation,mealsandalternativetransportationwhentherearedelayswiththeoriginaltransportationmethod
Consultingexpertsonrosterdevelopment,schedulingandworkingarrangementstoensurethatworkersdonotbecomefatigued
ConsideringtheuseoffatiguemanagementsoftwaretomanagetheFIFOworkarrangement
FATIGUEHAZARDCHECKLIST
Tofurtherreviewthefatiguehazardsatyourworkplaceyoucanuseachecklist,onaregularbasis,whichcanhelpyoursupervisorormanagertocollectdataaboutyourownwork.Ifyousuperviseothersintheworkplace,youcanusethischecklisttogatherinformationaboutyourteammembersworktoo.
Iftheanswerisyestoanyofthequestionsintheshadedareas,oryestothreeormoreofthequestionsinthenon‐shadedareas,youshouldreviewyoursystemformanagingfatigueandcontrolmeasuresandupdateyourfatiguemanagementplan:
Mentalandphysicalworkdemands Yes No
Isanyonetakingonphysicallydemandingworkforextendedperiods?
(repetitiveorphysicallydemandingtaskssuchasbricklaying,typing,processwork,movingbagsofcement,fellingtrees)
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Isanyonetakingonmentallydemandingworkforextendedperiods?
(Workthatrequiresconstantconcentrationandvigilance,workwithheavypressureandtightdeadlines,etc.)
Workschedulingandplanning Yes No
Isanyoneworkingortravellingbetweenmidnightand6 am?
Doesanyworkortaskpreventfull‐timeworkersfromhaving,atleast,onedayoffaweek?
Doestheschedulepreventworkersfromhaving,atleast,twoconsecutivenightssleepperweek?
Dotheworkingscheduleandrosterincludeon‐callwork,call‐backsand/orsleepovers?
Doesthescheduledifferfromthehoursactuallyworked?
Doestheworkscheduleincluderotatingshifts?
Doesanyworkerhavetospendmorethanone‐hour commutingtowork?
Doesanyworkexceed12hoursregularly,includingovertimework?
Doanysplitshiftsorquickshiftchangeoversallowlessthan10hoursbetweeneachshift?
Isanyworkperformedbetween2 am and6 am?
Environmentalconditions Yes No
Doesanyworkerhavetoworkinuncomfortableconditions?(confinedspace,temperaturetoohotortoocold)
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Doesanyoneworkwithvibratingplantormachinery?
Doesanyonehavetohandledangerousorhazardousmaterials?
Isthereaconstantexposuretoloudnoiseintheworkplace?
LIFESTYLECHOICESAREMADETHATPROMOTETHEEFFECTIVELONG‐TERMMANAGEMENTOFFATIGUE
Somepeoplesaythatyourlifeisyourwork.Butformostofus,wewouldpreferitnottobe!
Weallmakedecisionsaboutthelifeweleadandthethingsweliketodowithourrecreationaltimethatmakeusfeelathome,connected,happy,relaxed,inspiredandmore.Forthemostpart,thedecisionswemakewillnotaffectourwork.
Thereareanumberoflifestylefactorsandchoicesthatwillaffectfatigueregardlessofhowcarefulyouareduringtherestofyourworkinglife.Theseinclude:
BURNINGTHECANDLEATBOTHENDS
Thisisatermthatmeansthatyougetupearly,andyougotobedlate.Thismightbebecauseyouhavefamilyorpersonalresponsibilities,youhaveanactivesociallife,youparticipateinrecreationalactivitiesthatfinishlate,youarestudying,orothersimilarresponsibility.
Whilsttheoccasionallatenightmaydolittletonoharm,regularlatenightswillleadtobothshort‐termandlong‐termfatigueaffects.Thesafestoptionsaretomaintainaroutinethatensuresthatyoualwaysget7–9hours’sleep.
Asuitableroutineshouldidentifyallresponsibilitiesinyourhome,familyandsociallife,yourlife‐managementresponsibilities,healthandexerciseactivities,recreationalactivitiesandanyad‐hoctasksthatyouundertake.Whilst,thisisinnowayasuggestionforyoutomicro‐manageyourlife,programmingyourtasksandresponsibilitiesintoyourday,week,month,quarterandyearcanandwillhelpinensuringthatyoustaystress‐free.
Try:
Usingacalendaronthewalltoreminderyouofspecificdates
Settingremindersorcalendarentriesonyoursmartphone
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Usingdirectdebitandautomaticfacilitiestopaybills,getgroceriesorundertakespecificothertasks
Usinghome‐helpservicestocarryoutjobswhichtaketimeawayfromotheractivitiessuchasgardenandcleaningservices,mealpreparationandmaintenance
Goingsocialmediafreeduringperiodsofhighstresstoensurethatyoudonotgetdistracted
RECREATIONALDRUGUSE
Evenifthedrugistohelpyousleeporisusedonlyonoff‐periods,adrugcanhaveeffectsonalertness,concentration,fatigue,energyresourcesandhealthforaminimumof72hoursandsometimesoverlongerdurations.
Youmayberequired,asapartofyourwork,toundergodrugtestsonaregularorunannouncedbasis.Youshouldnotethatmostdrugscanbedetectedforatleastaweekandsometimeslongerafteruse.Youmustnevertestpositiveforadrugwhenyouoperateanykindofmachinerythatrequiresalicenseorcarryoutanykindofmachinery,atheightorotherhigh‐riskwork.
Drugscanaffectfatiguebecausetheykeepyouupforlongerhours,stimulatedifferentbodysystems,affectthewaythatcellsprocessfoodanddrinks,andaffectscelldivisionandhealthyreplicationovertime.Whenyourbodyisaffectedinthisway,itworkshardertocombatthecauseofthiseffectandtoeliminateitthedrugfromyoursystem.Inthisway,thebodyisworkingharder,usesmoreenergy,furtherdepletesvitalsystems,andyoubecomemorefatigued.
Thesafestoptionistonottakedrugs.
Ifyoucannotavoidthis,thenyoumustwaitforthedrugstoexityoursystem.Themaximumnumberofdaysthatadrugcanbedetectedusingvarioustestingmethodsisavailablehere(AlwaysTestClean,n.d.):http://alwaystestclean.com/drug‐detection‐times‐chart/Notethatthereisnoguaranteetothislistandthatyoumayexperiencelongerperiodsofaneffectthanothers.
Ifyoubelievethataco‐workerisaffectedbydrugs,atanytime,youmustreportthistoyoursupervisorandfollowallreportingprocesses.
Ifregulardruguseisapartofyourworkingweek,youshouldspeakwithyourdoctortoidentifysolutionsforreducinguseandeventuallybecomingdrug‐free.Youmustnotifyworkortakeleaveuntilyoucanachievethis.Youcouldalsogetsupportfromstateandnationaldrugcounsellingservices.Youcanfindacompletelisthere(AustralianDrugFoundation,n.d.)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/contact‐numbers/help‐and‐support#national
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ALCOHOL
Likedruguse,alcoholcanhavelastingeffectsforatleastthedayafterconsumptionandsometimesforlongerperiodsoftime.Youcanusethisresourcetocalculatetheapproximatetimealcoholstaysinyoursystem(HomeHealthTesting,n.d.):http://www.homehealthtesting.com/how‐long‐does‐alcohol‐stay‐in‐your‐system.html
Considerthefollowingcharttounderstandhowmuchalcoholittakestostartaffectingyourbodysystem:
Wenowknowthatifyoudonothaveahealthyliver,thatotherbodysystemsmayalsobeaffected.Diabetes,chroniccystitis,somecancers,cirrhosisorjaundice,concentrationandmemoryproblems,vascularconditionsincludingbloodflowtothebodyextremitiesandsensitivityintheseregions,heartconditions,sexualhealth,skinproblems,andsomesocio‐economicfactorsarealllong‐termeffectsofalcoholuse.Whenyourhealthisaffected,remembertheriskoffatigueincreases.
Similarly,thereareanumberofshort‐termeffectsofalcoholuseincludingsleeplessnessor,conversely,drowsiness,slowerreflexes,impairedvision,headaches,irritabilityanddiminishedfineandgrossmotorskills.Thesearealsoconsistentwithfatiguesymptomsandeffects.
Ifyouhavebeenconsumingalcoholorifyoubelieveyoumaybeimpairedbyprioralcoholconsumptionyoumustnotattendorparticipateinyourworkactivities.Youhaveadutyofdisclosuretoyouremployerinordertokeepotherworkerssafe.Youmaybedisciplinedifthisisaregularoccurrenceorifyoudonottellyoursupervisor.Youmaybefoundliableforinjuriesandillnessesthatoccurwhenyouarefoundtohaveconsumedalcoholortohaveabloodalcoholcontentover0.00%.
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Ifregularuseofalcoholisaffectingormayaffectyourparticipationinworkactivities,youshouldspeakwithyourdoctortoidentifyandapplystrategiestoreduceandeventuallyeliminatealcoholconsumption.Alternatively,youcancallastateandnationalalcoholcounsellingservice.Youcanfindacompletelisthere(AustralianDrugFoundation,n.d.)http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/contact‐numbers/help‐and‐support#national
EXERCISE&RECREATIONALACTIVITIES
Exerciseandrecreationarevitalforthebody’shealthyfunctions.Youneedexercisetodevelopmuscles,maintainflexibility,improvecorebalanceandfinemotorcontrol,andkeepyourbodysystemsfatfreeandtometabolisestoredfats.Likewise,recreationalactivitieskeepthebodyhealthyandimprovecognitivefunctionandcontrol,improvememoryandreducetheriskofstress‐relatedillness.
Thesecan,however,beasourceoffatiguealso.
Exerciseisbestcarriedoutduringthemorningtosupportalertnessandcognitiveprocesses.Aregularmorningroutinewillimproveyourhealth;thewayfoodismetabolisedandenergyusedandcontrolledthroughouttheday.
However,whenyouundertakeexercisewhereitwouldcauseyoutohavebeenawakefor17hourspriortotheendofyourshift,itcannegativelyaffectyourfatigueandmayleadtolowbloodsugar,reducedenergystoresandmusclecontrol.
Similarly,recreationalactivitiescanbecomeanegativeeffectonfatiguewhentheyinvolvelatenights,timeawayfromotherresponsibilities,significantmentalconcentrationorphysicalexertion.
Thereisalsoatendency,duringexerciseandrecreation,toeatinappropriateamountsoffoodthatdonotsupportthebody’shealthyfunction.Youmaynotbeconsumingtherighttypeoforcorrectamountofwatertorehydratethebodytoo.
Youcanmakeexerciseandotheractivitiessupportworkactivitiesby:
Includingthreedaysofmoderatetohighactivityintoyourregularroutine.If
youdonotworkeveryday,thendothisonoffdays.
Includingtwo–threedaysofgentleexercise.
Takingarestdayfromexerciseatleastonceperweek.
Startingwithlighterweightsandlowerintensitiesuntilyourbodyandits
staminahasimproved.Workwithapersonaltrainerorexercisephysiologist
toidentifytherightexercisesandactivitiesforyou.
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Planningtoundertakeexercisebeforeyoustartamorningordayshift.Time
yourworkoutmoreappropriatelyforanafternoonornightshifttoensure
thatyouarenotawakefor17hourspriortotheendoftheshift.
Followingalladviceforgoodnutritionandappropriatefoodandwater
intake.
FOODANDNUTRITION
Youshouldworkwithyourdoctor,adieticianornutritionisttoidentifytheidealdietandfluidintakeforyourhealthneeds.
Ingeneral,adultsneedthreesolidmealsperday,twosnacksanda2–3litresoffluidwiththemajorityofthatbeingwater.Ifyouareincludinganexerciseprogramintoyourroutinethenupto6smallermealsshouldbeusedtobalanceyourbodiesintakeneedsovertime.
Eachmealshouldhaveapproximately:
100gmofprotein(approximatelythesizeofanaverageman’spalm).Proteins
aremeats,cheeseandotherdairy,eggs,soyandsomebeansandlegumes.
1–2cupsofnon‐starchyvegetable.Non‐starchyvegetablesarethingsthat
couldbeeateninasaladorsteamed.
20gmsofcarbohydrateorupto¼ofanentréesizedplate.Thiscouldbe
potato,bread,pasta,othergrains,somelegumesandbeans,sugarsandfruit.
Theoptimummealsizeisanentréesizedplatewheretheproteinandthecarbohydratetakeup¼oftheplateeach,andthevegetablesaccountforhalfoftheplate.
Fluidintake,however,shouldincludeatleast1fullglass(someexpertssayalargeglassapproximately600mls)priortobreakfast,andthentheremaindershouldbeconsumedatleast30minutespriortomealsandregularlythroughouttheday.Theruleofthumbis,thatifyoufeelthirsty,thenyouarealreadyonyourwaytodehydration.Drinkingwaterbeforemeals,insteadofduring,preparesthebodyforfood,makesthestomachfeelfuller,improvesmetabolismandreducestheriskofindigestionandpost‐mealtiredness.
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Mealpreparationpriortoworkingandhavingaroutineforfoodandfluidintakewilltakethestressoutofmealtimesandgettherightfuelforyourbody.Beingstructuredinyourapproachtofoodanddrinkgreatlyimprovesyourbody’son‐callresponsetostressors,improvesbloodsugarlevelsoverthecourseoftheday,improvesmetabolismoffatsanddecreasesfatiguelong‐term.
SECONDJOBS
Havingasecondjobmaybenecessaryinorderforyoutomeetyourhouseholdorlifestyleexpenses.Youshouldbeaware,however,thatsomeenterprisebargainingagreementsandcodesofethicspreventyoufromhavingormaintainingasecondjobpriortoaworkingday.Thismeansthatyoucannotcarryoutasecondjobpriortoyourshiftattheworkplace.Attheveryleast,anysecondorthirdjobsthatyouhavemustnotimpactonthefirst.
Asecondjobisalsoastressor.Ittakesyouawayfromhomeforlongerperiodsoftime,increasestraveltime,requiresadditionalcompliancemeasuresand,ifyouhavealreadyreachedyourmaximumweeklythresholdsaccordingtotheregulations,maycauseyoutobreachbothorganisationalandregulatoryconditions.
Thesafestoptionistoreduceoverheadsandimproveyourfinancialawarenesstoavoidneedingthesecondjob.Youcanworkwithafinancialcounsellortofindwaystodothis.Findafinancialcounsellorhere(FinancialCounsellingAustralia,n.d.):http://www.financialcounsellingaustralia.org.au/Corporate/Find‐a‐Counsellor
Ifyoucannotavoidtakingasecondjob,youmustchooseonethatwillnotconflictwiththedutiesofthefirstjob.Thismeansitwouldbeinappropriatetotaketwodifferentdrivingjobsasonewillreducetheimpacttocarryouttherequiredhoursinanother.Youmustalsoensurethatthestartandfinishtimesallowyoutomaintaintheminimum12hoursrestrequirementofthenationalregulations.
EFFECTIVEPRACTICESINCOMBATINGFATIGUEAREADOPTEDANDAPPLIED
Accidentsandincidentsdohappenregularlyinworkplaces.Especiallywhenstaffarebored,distracted,fatiguedorotherwiseunmotivated.
Onewaytoeffectivelycombatfatigueanditseffectsinyourworkplaceistobevigilantinidentifyingandreportingsignsoffatigueandfatigue‐causingpracticesinyourworkplace.Youmustidentify,recordandreportallaccidentsandincidents,andwhereyouthinkfatigueplayedafactor,basedonyourinvestigation,youmustincludinginformationaboutthistoo.
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UndertheWorkHealthandSafetyAct,inyourStateorTerritory,andtheNationalandlocalfatiguelaws,allworkershaveresponsibilityformanagingrisks,includingfatigue,tohealthandsafetyofallpersonnelintheworkplace.Yourresponsibilitiesinclude:
Theidentificationofhazards,theirnatureandcauses
Theidentificationofpeoplewhocanbeaffectedbythehazards,thefrequency
ofexposuretohazardandtheseverityofimpact
Developmentandimplementationofcontrolmeasurestoeliminateand
minimisetheriskofhazards
Puttingthecontrolsintoplaceandadoptingcontrolmeasuresandstrategies
Constantlymonitoringandreviewingtheperformanceofthecontrol
measuresandmakingadjustmentsaccordingly
Thereisacleardistinctionbetweenanaccidentandanincident.Itisimportantforyoutoknowthedifference:
Anincidentisanunplannedeventthatcanpotentiallycauseinjury,deathor
damage
Anaccidentisanunplannedeventthatactuallycausestheinjuryordeathof
apersonordamagetoproperty
Awork‐relatedinjuryreferstodeath,injury,illnessordisabilitythatoriginatesinworkorisduetoactivitiesandconditionsintheworkplace.Thisalsoincludesanyinjuryorillnessincurredduetotheworkorworkingconditionsthatoneisexposedto.
Accidentswhichneedtobereportedinclude:
Death
Injurieswithacutesymptomscausedbyexposuretohazardousordangerous
materials
Injuriesthatrequirehospitaltreatment
Anyotherwork‐relatedinjuriesreportedbyemployees
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Inadditiontoaccidents,youmustalsorecordandreportdangerousincidentsincluding:
Damagetomajorequipment,vehiclesormachinery
Thecollapseorfailureofbuildings,partsofbuildingsorotherstructuresused
forwork
Electricalincidents
Fireandexplosionincidents
Anymajorincidentthatcancauseafatalityorseriousdamageinthe
workplace
Alargenumberofproblemsintheworkplacearecausedbyineffectiveworkhealthandsafetypractices.Thesepracticescanincludelearnedbehavioursandapproachestoworkthathavenotbeenadaptedinlinewithcurrenttrendsandopportunities,acontinuationofwaysofdoingworkdespiterepeatedinjuriesandaccidents,andinappropriateornotenoughtrainingtocarryoutworkeffectivelyandefficiently.
Anotherworkpractice,whichyouprobablycannotcontrolwithinyourcurrentrole,isthatofmanagersandbusinessownerswhotrytokeepoverheadcostsdownbycontinuingwithineffective,inefficient,out‐of‐dateormachinery,systemsandsoftwareindisrepair.
Youcancontributetocombattingfatigueinyourworkplacebypracticinghazardidentificationandcontrolacrossallareasofyourwork.
Youmustcarryoutriskandhazardeliminationby:
Providingtrainingandinstructiontoemployees
Removingmanualhandlingfromthejobrequirementsthroughtheuseof
machinery,vehiclesandequipment
Jobdesign,workplacelayoutdesignandproceduredesigntoeliminaterisks
andhazardse.g.workscheduling,rostering,worktimemanagement
Engineeringcontrolssuchasdesigninglanesandroadswithadequate
spacing,havingwideexitsandentrances,installingutilities
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Ifcompleteeliminationofrisksandhazardsisnotpossible,youshouldconsider:
Stoppingworkonanyjobsortasksthatwouldputyouorothersindanger
Gettingapprovaltochangethejoborchangethenatureandrequirementsof
thejob
Changingtheworkprocessesorthephysicalworkingenvironment,for
example,byredesigningwork,plant,equipment,componentsorpremises
Applyingadministrativearrangements,forexample,limitingentryortime
spentinahazardousarea
Usingpersonalprotectiveequipment
Theprocessissummarisedinthefollowingtable:
Method Explanation
Elimination Removethehazardfromtheworkingenvironmentordesignworkingprocessthatcontrolandeliminatethehazard.
Alternatively,youcaneliminatethetaskorprocesstoavoidthehazard
Substitution Replacematerialsorprocessassociatedwiththehazardwithsomethinglesshazardous
Engineering Redesignworkprocesses,equipment,tasksandmachinerytoreduceoreliminateworkerrisk
Administration Adjustworkingconditionandredesignjobsandtaskstolimittheexposuretosafetyrisks
Provideinformation,instructionmanuals,adviceandtrainingtopreparetheworkersforexposuretohazards
UsingPersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)
Thelastresortoption.UsingPPEtoprotectemployeesfromexposuretothehazardorreducetheimpactofexposuretothehazard.
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Yourfatiguemanagementplanshouldincludepractises,forhealthandsafety.Youcanreviewtheplantoensureitcontainsspecifichealthandsafetycriteriaandaddressestherightconsiderationsusingthetablebelow:
Healthandsafetycriteria
CriteriaandConsiderations
Safetymanagement Isthereaprocessforemployeeconsultation
regardinghealthandsafetyissues?
Areemployeesawareofthehealthandsafety
reportingprocedure?
Arethereanysafetyconcernsrelatingto
equipmentormachinerypurchases?
WeretheMaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS)
checked?
Didtheemployeesfollowthesafetyinstructions
ontheMSDS?
Areyouremployeestrainedtousesafety
equipmentandhandledangerousgoods?
Arehealthandsafetyinstructionsplacedin
easilyaccessiblelocations?
Doyouprovidehealthandsafetyinformationto
youremployeesandcontractors?
Arethereinstructionsonhowtoconducttasks
safely?
Isamonitoringsysteminplacetoensurethat
employeesareworkingsafely?
Whatsupervisionisavailablefornewand
inexperiencedemployees?
Dothesupervisorsandmanagersknowhowto
keepworkerssafebyplanningandmanaging
properly?
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Werethehealthandsafetyissuesraisedbyyour
employeesaddressed?
Workplacedesignandlayout
Istheworkplacecleanandhygienic?
Isthereenoughequipment,tools,materialsand
vehicles?
Areallthepipescheckedforleakageand
labelling?
Arethereanysharporpointyobjectsinthearea?
Isthereenoughlightforemployeestowork
safelywithouteyestrain?
Istheairventilationadequate?
Isthetemperaturecomfortableforyour
workers?
Arethereenoughutilities,liketoiletsanddining
areas,foryourworkers?
Arethestairsandwalkwaysclearandsecure?
Istheworkplacefreeofslippingandtripping
hazards?
Aretheentranceandexitsafe?
Isthereclearvisioninthetrafficareaofyour
warehouse?
Arevehicleandmachineryoperatorstrained?
Equipmentmanagement
Doemployeesusethecorrectequipmentfor
theirtasks?
Havethoseusingsuchequipmentbeentrained?
Arestop/startwatchesinstalled?
Isthereenoughspaceformachinerytooperate?
Arethetoolsandequipmentproperly
maintainedandserviced?
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Haveproceduresbeendevelopedtoensurethat
equipmentandtoolsareusedproperly?
Isunsafeequipmentreportedandreplaced?
Employeeparticipation Didyoudiscusshealthandsafetyissueswith
youremployees?
Didyouprovidethemwithinstructionsforany
jobwithasafetyrisk?
Areemployeesprotectedfromviolence,abuse
andbullying?
Areemployeessafefromphysicaland
psychologicaldamage?
Manualhandling Doyouprovideenoughtrainingforyour
employeesregardingmanualhandling?
Haveyouidentifiedandassessedallmanual
handlingtasksinyourbusiness?
Whatsolutionsaeappliedtoimprovethe
workingareaformanualhandling?
Hasreplacingofmanualhandlingtasksbeen
considered?
Didyouensurethesafetyofanynewsolutionsin
regardstomanualhandling?
Electricity Arethereanyfaultyelementsintheelectrical
system?
Istheelectricalsystemregularlycheckedand
monitored?
Aretheelectricaldevicesandsystemsproperly
taggedandlabelled?
Chemicals Isyourlistofhazardoussubstancesupdated?
IstheMSDSavailabletoyouremployees?
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Isthehazardoussubstancesinformation
providedtoyouremployees?
Areallhazardoussubstancesproperlylabelled?
Haveyouremployeesreceivednecessary
trainingindealingwithhazardoussubstances?
Isthereagoodairflowandventilationtoremove
fumes?
Arethehazardousmaterialsstoredaccordingto
theMSDS?
Aregascylinderskeptawayfromheatsources?
Arehazardoussubstancesdisposedofaccording
toMSDS?
Whatmeasuresaretakentoensurenoriskof
infectionfromwasteandrubbish?
IsthecorrectPPEusedtohandlehazardous
substances?
Confinedspaces Haveallconfinedspacesbeenidentified?
Whatpermitsandqualificationsarerequiredfor
workinginaconfinedspace?
Areentrancestoconfinedspacesmonitoredto
allowonlypermittedpersonnelin?
Emergencyproceduresandfirstaid
Arethereproceduresinplacetocover
emergencieslikefires,explosions,chemical
spills,medicalemergencies,accidentswith
machineryandsecurityproblems?
Arethepersonnelresponsibleforemergency
situationstrained?
Areexitandassemblypointsaccessible?
Isthereanevacuationplanforyouremployees?
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Canyouremployeeseasilyexittheplant?
Doyouholdregularemergencydrills?
Isthereequipmentinplacetoaddress
emergencysituations?
Istheequipmentreadyforuse?
Arefirstaidofficerstrained?
Arethequalificationsofyourhealthcareofficers
maintained?
Doyouremployeesknowwheretheycanaccess
healthcare?
Doyoukeeprecordsoffirstaidprovided?
Reportingprotocol Doyoukeeparecordofinjuriesanddetailsof
injuredworkers?
Doyoureviewthoseaccidentsandtakestepsto
preventthemfromhappeningagain?
PERSONALFATIGUEMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESARECOMMUNICATEDTORELEVANTPEOPLE
You,yourteamandyoursupervisorormanagermustcontinuouslyidentifynewstrategies,opportunitiesandchangestobeimplementedwithinyourworktoreducetheeffectoffatigueonthebusinessandyourwork.Onceyouhaveidentifiedthese,youwillneedtodocumentandcommunicatethesestrategiestoothersinyourworkplace.
Documentationmeansthatyouwillrecorddetailsabouttheopportunity,whyitwaschosen,howitwaschosen,whenitshouldbeimplementedby,theresourcesrequiredandhowyouwillmonitoritseffectivenessovertime.Thetypesofdocumentationthatwillneedtobereviewedandupdatedinclude:
Workplaceinstructionsandproceduresonfatiguemanagement
RelevantOH&Sregulationsandprocedures
Workschedulesandshiftrosters
Emergencyprocedures
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Alogbookorrecordbook(whererequired)
Recordsandreportsoffatigue‐relatederrorsandsafetyincidents
Relevantstandardsandcertificationrequirements
Qualityassuranceprocedures
Youmayhaveadditionaldocumentswithinyourworkplacethatwillneedtobereviewedandupdatedbecauseoftheidentifiedmanagementstrategies.Youshouldworkwithmanagementanduseyourinternalproceduresforupdatingthedocumentationtocarryoutthechanges.
Itisimportantthatanydocumentationisaccurate,completeandintheformatrequiredbyyourworkplace.Thisincludesusingspellingandgrammarcheckingproceduresandfunctions,havingworkreviewedandconfirmed(sometimescalledvalidation)byanotherpersonoranexpertandgettingthefinaldraftapprovedforusebyapersonwithauthority.
Youwillthenneedtoinformothersoftheplansforimplementation,useandreviewofthechange.Communicationaboutchangesshouldbepasseddownfrommanagerstosupervisorsandthentothevariouslevelsofemployees.Thereasonforthisisthatinformationneedstobefilteredandmanipulatedtoensureonlythemostrelevantaspectsarecommunicatedtoeachperson.
Communicationmethodsshouldinclude:
Notification,inwritingandatmeetings,ofpotentialhazardsandrisksto
peoplewhomaybeaffected.Youshouldalsogivenotice,inwriting,ofany
incidentsandtheprocedureforfollowinguptheincident.
Consultationatmeetingstoensurethatchanges,intheideastage,willwork
forallemployeeswithinallpositionswithminimumimpact.Thissortof
consultationalsobuildscommitmenttothechangeandinvestmentinmaking
itwork.
Distributionofplansinasimple,plain‐Englishformat.Thisshouldbein
writtenorpictorialformtoensureease‐of‐usebypeoplewithoutsubstantial
training.
Discussionaboutconcernsfortheplanandimplementationprocess.Thisis
anotherstageofengagementforworkerstoensurethattheyknowwhatis
happening,whyitishappening,howitwillhappenandotherinformation
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thattheyfeeltheywouldliketoknowinordertoacceptandfacilitatethe
change.
Trainingforallemployeeswhoareaffectedbyfatiguemanagementplansand
whoareatriskoffatigue.Trainingcanbecarriedoutinanumberofdifferent
waysincludingthosedescribedinTopic1.
Itisimportantthatinformationisgiventothepeoplewhoneedtomanagetheirownfatigue,andthatofotherswithintheworkplaceandthattrainingandinstructioncontinuescontinuouslyuntilsourcesoffatiguecanbeeliminated.
Youwillneedtocontinuecommunicatingaboutfatigueovertimeincluding:
Conductingtoolboxmeetingsorstart‐of‐shiftmeetingstodiscussany
concerns,feelingsoffatigue,processesorproceduresthatareaffectingmood
ormotivationandanyemerginghealthandsafetyissues.
Makingfatigueastandingitemonagendasformeetings.
Reviewinglogbooksandrecordswithyourteamandsupervisorand
participatingactivityincoachingandsupervisionactivitiestoensureissues
areraisedquicklyandstrategiesappliedeffectively.
Fatigueisanissueforthewholeworkplace.Sowhilstpersonalstrategiesareimportant,itisuptotheteamtoensurethateveryonehastheknowledgetheyneedtomakesmartdecisions.
APPROPRIATECOUNTERMEASURESAREPLANNEDTOCOMBATFATIGUE
Thereareanumberofwaysthatyoucancombatfatigueasaworkplace,inordertocreateacultureofawarenessandalertness.Onewayofdoingthisistoensurethatfatiguediscussions,includingmattersraisedbyindividualsabouttheirownfatigue,arerespondedtopositively,withoutretributionorpunishmentandtoprovokeconfidence.
Anumberofcounter‐measuresshouldbeacceptedandusedwithintheworkplacetoovercomesituationsofhigh‐fatigue.Itisimportantthattheworkplaceallowsforandpromotethesecounter‐measuresopenlytoensurethattheyareappropriatelyapplied.
Countermeasuresshouldinclude:
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Breakroomswithdifferentareasforrelaxation,recreation,exerciseand
napping.
Provisionofcaffeineproductslikecoffeeandteawhilstpromotingsafelimits
forcaffeine.
Sendingpeoplehomewithoutaffecttoleavewhenthefatigueisworkrelated
andensuringtheygetadequaterestorativesleep.
Arrangingandbudgetingfortemporary,casualorinterimstaffduringpeak
periods.
Enforcingannualleaveandpersonalleaveuse.
Groupexerciseprograms.
Enforcinglunch,morningtea,afternoontea,dinnerandotherbreaksinline
withtheregulationsandensuringthatworkandworkdutiesdonotoverlap
these.
Usingofficeandworkshut‐downperiodstoenforcebreaksofaminimum
lengthandconcurrentlyforstaff.
Allocatingarangeoftaskstoensurethatindividualscanswitchbetween
tasksandmentalprocessesovertheday.
Schedulingdayswherenormalworkissuspendedandemployeescanwork
togethertoplan,create,improve,discuss,learnandotherwisecommunicate
witheachotherinanon‐pressuredway.
Engagingindividualsandgroupsintofatiguemanagementresponsibilities.
Youwillneedtoassesstheappropriatenessofeachcountermeasureidentifiedandusedwithinyourworkplacetoensurethatitmeetsorganisationalobjectives,complieswithstateandnationallawsandregulationsandwillnotnegativelyaffectothers.Planningshouldinvolvemultiplepeopleovermultiplelevelsofserviceinyourbusinessandoveraperiodoftime.Thebestideascomefromdaysandweeksofresearchasopposedtominutesorhours.
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SUMMARY
Nowthatyouhavecompletedthisunit,youshouldhavetheabilitytoapplyfatiguemanagementstrategies.
Ifyouhaveanyquestionsaboutthisresource,pleaseaskyourtrainer.Theywillbeonlytoohappytoassistyouwhenrequired.
REFERENCES
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CommonwealthofAustralia.(2011).WorkHealthandSafetyAct2011.Retrievedfromhttps://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011A00137
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SafeWorkAustralia.(2015).ManagingElectricalRisksInTheWorkplace.Retrievedfromhttp://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/699/managing‐electrical‐risks.pdf
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