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transcript
Libraries in TransitionFrom Book Collections & Union Catalogues to Open Access & Digital Repositories
CASLIN 2011Brno, Czech Republic
14 June 2011
Abby ClobridgeDirector, Clobridge Consultingaclobridge@clobridgeconsulting.com
Overview1) A Brief History of Libraries
2) Open Access & Digital Repositories
3) Interoperability
4) Moving Forward in the New Environment
Ancient Library of Alexandria
Approx. 3rd Century BC – 30 BC
A Short History of Libraries & Librarianship, Part 1
Wall painting from Pompeii, woman holding wax tablets (codex) – Pre 79 AD.
Ancient Library of AlexandriaApprox. 3rd Century BC – 30 BC
Movable Type & Gutenberg PressCirca 1439
Images: Stamp: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DBP_1954_198_Gutenberg.jpg; Movable Type: Willi Heidelbach, CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg
Movable Type & Gutenberg PressCirca 1439
Spread of Printing Press – 1450+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spread-of-printing.gif
Spread of Printing Press1450 – End of 19th Century
Chained books in library: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milkau_B%C3%BCcherschrank_mit_angekettetem_Buch_aus_der_Bibliothek_von_Cesena_109-2.jpg Book photo courtesy of NKZS - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/nkzs ; Archive photo courtesy of Mattox - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/Mattox
Spread of Printing Press more books for libraries
Spread of Printing Press1450 – End of 19th Century
National Union Catalog (NUC) -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NUC_Christmas_Tree_S_Calhoun.jpg
1900s: “Library Science”
Union catalogues – early printed version. National Union Catalog (NUC) – issued serially beginning in the 1950s.
Early 1900s:
- Manual of Library Economy (1929)- S.R. Ranganathan, The Five Laws of Library Science (1931)- Lee Pierce Butler, An Introduction to Library Science (1933)
Spread of Printing Press1450 – End of 19th Century
National Union Catalog (NUC) -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NUC_Christmas_Tree_S_Calhoun.jpg
1900s: “Library Science”
Early 1900s:
- Manual of Library Economy (1929)- S.R. Ranganathan, The Five Laws of Library Science (1931)- Lee Pierce Butler, An Introduction to Library Science (1933)
Library economy – emphasis on management and administration of libraries
Social science approach – study of books & users; social problems of information exchange
Images: Card Catalog from University of Graz Library – by Dr. Marcus Gossler, Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlagwortkatalog.jpg
1900s: “Library Science”
Early 1900s:Library Science
Library of Congress, Card Division, 1900 - 1920
University of Graz Library
1960s & 1970s: MARC and OPACs
Early Computers
Early OPACs (1970s)
Ohio State University, Dallas Public Library
MARC Records (1960s)
1980s: Widespread
OPAC Adoption – to replace
card catalogs
1980s and early 1990s: Pre-Internet, Early Internet
Emphasis on using technology to improve or replace services.
Early OPACs (1970s)
Ohio State University, Dallas Public Library
1980s: Widespread
OPAC Adoption Online union
catalogues
Inter-library loan (ILL)
Card catalogue courtesy of Ralev_com - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/ralev_com.
A Matrix Model for Designing and Assessing Network-Enhanced Courseshttp://www.hippasus.com/resources/matrixmodel/puentedura_model.pdfRuben R. Puentedura, Ph.D. 2003. Accessed 12/7/08.
1. Substitution
2. Augmentation
3. Modification
4. Redefinition
Transformative
Not Transformative
Model of Technology Adoption
Model of Technology Adoption
Early 1990s: Libraries & the Internet
Tap into the FUTURE NOW!, St. Petersburg Times (1993)Shirley Dugan Kennedy
Internet isn’t just for computer whizzes. Ordinary people are taking advantage of it too.
Internet access through FIRN, the Florida Information Resource Network, an E-mail and conferencing system operated by the state Department of Education primarily for teachers and librarians
Messages only take a few hours to be delivered.
Late 1990s/2000s – Turning point for libraries and the information ecosystem
Visualization from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet, circa 2005. Image from the Opte Project (www.opte.org) via Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet
Changes in: • Technology• User Behavior• User Expectations
Visualization of routes through a portion of the Internet
Late 1990s/2000s – Turning point for libraries and the information ecosystem
Media types
Direct access to objects
themselves
Digital Natives
Class of 2012:Born in 1991
Teaching & LearningHow we work
Gaming
Now What? Information ecosystem is more complex than ever. How
should we define our role? How do we position ourselves for the future?
What do our skills and expertise make us uniquely suited to do? What are the areas where we can add the most value?
What do our users need? Want? Expect?
René Magritte, "La Trahison des Images" ("The Treachery of Images") (1928-9) or "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" ("This is not a pipe")
Tim O’Reilly, O’Reilly Media – “We need new mental models.”
2000s: How do we think about information and knowledge?
How can we harness ICT to interact with
information in new ways?
How do we access information? Who
has access to information? What are the barriers to
access?
How can we use, reuse,
manipulate, and work with
information and data?
How can we ensure access to born-digital information in
the future?
How do we define information today?
Now What? Open Access:
• Demand for immediate, complete access to materials.
• Support for new forms, new content types.
• Continually-evolving landscape.
• Uses ICT for redefinition of our work.
• Usage data measure value.
Open Access (OA)“Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder.”
– Peter Suber, A Very Brief Introduction to Open Access
Purpose of OATo use Information Communication Technology (ICT) to
increase and enhance
dissemination of scholarship.
Late 1990s – 2000s
Digitization of archival collections
Budapest Open Access
Initiative(2001)
Berlin Declaration on Open Access
to Knowledge in the Sciences
and Humanities
(2003)
Bethesda Statement on Open Access
Publishing (2003)
Electronic Theses &
Dissertations (ETDs)
Library initiated
External to libraries
What does this mean? Through Open Access…
- Increased access
- Further, broader (global) dissemination
- Impact of research increases
- Increased visibility
- Funding dollars have more impact
Two Methods for Open Access:
1) Publish in an Open Access journal.
2) Publish in any peer-reviewed journal and deposit refereed version in an Open Access repository.
Peer-review is critical for either method.
Two Kinds of “Free”
Gratis – “Free as in beer.” Free price.
Libre – “Free as in speech.” Lack of restrictions.
2011State of Open Access & Digital Repositories Today
Nearly 2000 repositories registered.
Nearly 2000 repositories registered.
Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) – www.opendoar.orgRepository 66.org – Repository Maps – maps.repository66.org
2011State of Open Access Journals Today
Over 6500 journals
registered.
Directory of Open Access Journals – DOAJ – www.doaj.org
• OA Monographs• Enhanced publications• Linked data• Grey literature• ETDs• Digitized materials from archives & museums
• OA Monographs• Enhanced publications• Linked data• Grey literature• ETDs• Digitized materials from archives & museums
2010s – Repository landscape continues to change
Types of Repository
Content
• Open Access repositories• Open Educational Resources (OER) repositories / learning object repositories• Learning management systems / courseware• Digital asset management systems (DAMs)• Current Research Information Systems (CRIS)• ePortfolios
• Open Access repositories• Open Educational Resources (OER) repositories / learning object repositories• Learning management systems / courseware• Digital asset management systems (DAMs)• Current Research Information Systems (CRIS)• ePortfolios
Types of Repository
Systems
• Research funding agencies• Publishers• Researchers• National policy makers• NGOs
• Research funding agencies• Publishers• Researchers• National policy makers• NGOs
2010s – Repository landscape continues to change
Stakeholders
National Institutions of Health
UNESCO, OECD, FAO, Broadband
Commission
European Commission –
FP7 Open Access Pilot
Wellcome Trust
National mandates? Denmark, Spain… National mandates? Denmark, Spain…
The real promise of Open Access is the potential that stems from the
aggregation of materials.
- Global access.
- New types of analysis.
- Overarching view of research output.
InteroperabilityAbility of systems to pass information back and forth
between each other in a usable format.
Metadata consistency necessary for several kinds of interoperability.
The real value of Open Access lies in the potential to aggregate research outputs, present information in different ways, and allow for new types of data extraction and analysis – all possible because of interoperability.
Dublin Core Metadata Standard
15 core elements
Can be used to describe anything
Unqualified Dublin Core
Example – Qualifiers for “Date” field:
- Created- Valid- Available- Issued- Modified
Example – Qualifiers for “Date” field:
- Created- Valid- Available- Issued- Modified
Dublin Core Metadata Standard
“Qualifiers” to refine or give more specificity to fields
Qualified Dublin Core
Open Access Initiative – Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH)
• Process of scraping metadata records from source and replicated in another collection.
• Requires unqualified Dublin Core.
Harvested collection:
Includes metadata for
records and links to the objects at
their host institution
Objects themselves are not harvested –
only metadata.
Collection from Michigan
Collection from Colorado
Collection from Scotland
Collection from Japan
Collection from India
Harvesting
Early 2000s – Early OAI-PMH Interoperability Projects
Union catalogues 2.0
Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD)
“More than one million records of electronic theses and dissertations.”
“Makes individual collections of NDLTD member institutions and consortia appear as one seamless digital library of ETDs.”
http://www.ndltd.org/
http://oaister.worldcat.org/
“Union catalogue of millions of records form open access resources”
Current Interoperability Projects
http://easydeposit.swordapp.org/
- Supporting researchers’ workflows-Single deposit, multiple repositories OAI-ORE: Binds together objects that
are related to each other.
OAI-ORE
Interoperability Challenges
Technical: - New content types- Software and systems- New service layers- Usage data- Consistent identification and terminology- Language challenges
Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) – Interoperability Briefing, pre-print, 01-June-2011 http://www.coar-repositories.org
Interoperability Challenges
Technical: - Global context- Long-term sustainability of guidelines and standards- Institutional support for implementing guidelines
Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) – Interoperability Briefing, pre-print, 01-June-2011 http://www.coar-repositories.org
creatingcollectingdescribingcuratingdisseminatingpreserving
[ ]Support for
information.
What is a library? What do librarians do? What is most important?
We need to facilitate and prioritize discoverability
and usability of content, not simply access.
Metadata matters, open licensing matters.
New Roles, New Skills•Advocacy.
•Changing relationship with faculty and researchers.
•Changing relationship with publishers.
•Organizational challenges are vast.
•Technical challenges are significant.
A Matrix Model for Designing and Assessing Network-Enhanced Courseshttp://www.hippasus.com/resources/matrixmodel/puentedura_model.pdfRuben R. Puentedura, Ph.D. 2003. Accessed 12/7/08.
1. Substitution
2. Augmentation
3. Modification
4. Redefinition
Transformative
Not Transformative
Model of Technology Adoption