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Literary Terms & Rhetorical Devices
Sophomore EnglishYou Got a Friend in Me Unit
Of Mice and Men
Plot Diagram an organizational tool focusing on a pyramid
or triangular shape› used to map the events in a story› allows readers and writers to visualize the key
features of stories. The basic triangle-shaped plot structure,
representing the beginning, middle, and end of a story, was described by Aristotle.
Gustav Freytag modified Aristotle's system by adding a rising action and a falling action to the structure.
Exposition
Basic Situation
The start of the story› The situation
before the action begins
Rising Action
Series of conflicts and crises in
the story that lead to the climax
Climax
Turning point
Most intense moment› Mentally› In action
Falling Action
All of the action which follows the
climax
Denouement
Resolution
The conclusion› Tying together of
all the threads
Character a person or animal in
a narrative work of art
› novel› play› film
guides readers through stories, helping
them to understand plots and ponder themes
Foils
a character who contrasts with another
character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character
Characterization
the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character
May be revealed› Directly› Indirectly
Direct Characterization
tells the audience what the personality of the character is.
› “The patient boy and quiet girl
were both well-mannered and did not disobey their mother.”
Indirect Characterization
shows things that reveal the
personality of a character
› STEAL
S speechT thoughtsE effect on othersA actionsL looks
-- Jim was very unlike any other businessman. He made sure that all his clients got what they had paid for.
Allegory characters or events in a
story, poem, or picture represent or symbolize ideas and concepts
a message is communicated by means of symbolic
figures, actions or symbolic representation
Parable
a brief, succinct story, in prose or verse, that illustrates a moral or religious lesson.
IS an allegory, but not all allegories are parables.
Proverb a simple and concrete
saying popularly known and repeated
› which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity
› often metaphorical
a simple, memorable way of expressing common
wisdom
Image a word or phrase in a
literary text that appeals directly to the reader's taste, touch, hearing, sight, or smell.
any vivid or picturesque phrase that
evokes a particular sensation in the reader's mind.
Symbol
a word or object that stands for another word
or object
Motif any recurring
element that has symbolic significance in a story
abstract idea discussed by a certain work through a repetition of ideas, structures or meaningful elements
Theme author’s message the general
underlying truths behind the
story› Moral› Teaching› View about life
Foreshadowing an author hints certain
plot developments that perhaps will come to be later in the story
can be subtle, like storm clouds on the horizon suggesting that danger is coming, or more direct, such as Romeo and Juliet talking about wanting to die rather than live without each other
Flashback
an interjected scene that takes
the narrative back in time
from the current point
a memory
Setting
includes the historical moment in time
and geographic location in which a story takes
place, and helps initiate the main backdrop and mood for a story
time and place
Banned Book one that has been
censored by an authority—a government, a library, or a
school system. has been banned is
actually removed from a library or school system.
Novella
a written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel
Poetry
an imaginative awareness of experience
expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke
an emotional response
Free Verse
an open form of poetry that
does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern
Blank Verse
Type of poetry any verse
comprised of unrhymed lines all in the same meter
unrhymed iambic pentameter
Iambic Pentameter a commonly used
metrical line in traditional verse and verse drama› Shakespeare’s favorite
rhythm of pairing ten syllables for each
line into five pairs one unstressed syllable
followed by one stressed
Apostrophe a figure of speech in which
someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and was able to reply› Busy old fool, unruly sun, Why dost thou thus, Through windows, and through curtains call on us?--John Donne
Vernacular
The standard native language of a country or locality
The everyday language spoken by a
people as distinguished from the literary language