Lower back pain = 요통

<1> Lumbar spine

Lordosis

Lumbar spine

Body ring

Spinal cord

Cauda equina

Electrical system

Spinal segment

Intervertebral disc

Facet joint

Neutral foramen

Lumbar thick ligament

Muscle of the low back

<2> Cause

1. Degeneration - small cracks and tears - arthritis in the facet joints - squeezes

- small cracks and tears

- arthritis in the facet joints - squeezes

2. Mechanical and Neurogenic Pain

1) Mechanical pain

2) Neurogenic pain

3. Spine Conditions

• annular tears • internal disc disruption • herniated disc • facet joint arthritis • segmental instability • spinal stenosis • foraminal stenosis

1) Annular tear

2) Internal disc disruption

3) herniated disc

4) Facet joint arthritis

5) Segmental instability

Spondylolysis

Spondylolisthesis

6) Spinal stenosis

7) Foraminal stenosis

Scoliosis

Kyphosis

Lordosis

<3> Symptoms

• low back pain • pain spreading into the buttocks and thighs • pain radiating from the buttock to the foot • back stiffness and reduced range of motion • muscle weakness in the hip, thigh, leg, or

foot • sensory changes (numbness, prickling, or

tingling) in the leg, foot, or toes

This is an emergency

<4> Diagonsis 1. Radiological Imaging 가 . X-ray

나 .MRI (magnetic resonance

imaging)

다 . Myelogram

라 . Discogram

마 . 기타 - CT(computed tomography)- Bone scane- EMG- Laboratory Tests

<5> Treatment

1. Nonsurgical Treatment 가 . Bed rest나 . Back brace다 . Medication라 . Physical therapy and exercise바 . Injection

2. Surgery

가 . Laminectomy

나 . Discectomy

다 . Lumbar Fusion

<6> Rehabilitation 1. Nonsurgical Rehabilitation

2. After Surgery

Neck pain

<1> Cervical spine

Cervical curve

Vertebral body

Body ring, Nerve root

Spinal segment

Intervertebral disc

Cervical facet joint

Cervical neural foramina

<2> Causes of neck pain

1. Spondylosis 2. Degenerative Disc Disease

3. Muscle Strain 4. Mechanical Neck Pain

5. Radiculopathy (Pinched Nerve) - Degeneration - Herniated Disc - Spinal Instability

6. Spinal Stenosis (Cervical Myelopathy)

Torticolis

<3> Symptoms

• neck pain • headaches • pain spreading into the upper back or down

the arm • neck stiffness and reduced range of motion • muscle weakness in the shoulder, arm, or

hand • sensory changes (numbness, prickling, or

tingling) in the forearm, hand, or fingers

<4> Diagnosis

1. Radiological Imaging 가 . X-rays 나 . MRI 다 . CT scan 라 . Myelogram 마 . Bone Scan 바 . Other Tests - EMG - Laboratory test

<5> Treatment

1. Nonsurgical Treatment 2. Medications 3. Soft Neck Collar 4. Ice and Heat Applications 5. Physical Therapy 6. Injections

2. Surgery 가 . foraminotomy

나 . laminectomy

다 . Discectomy

라 . Cervical Fusion