Post on 30-May-2018
transcript
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
1/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 1
Chapter 3
Hardware
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
2/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 2
Objectives
Describe a system boot procedure
Describe the POST procedure
Describe the BIOS/CMOS
Identify the different drive types (ATAPISCSI, )
Define and identify hot swapable hardware
Identify the different types of address
Identify the different types of ports
Identify the different types of channelcategories
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
3/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 3
Hardware
While Linux supports hardware and most
device manufacturers provide Linux drivers,
some hardwares does not work with Linux
(e.g Winmodems). When youre going to
install Linux, or add devices to Linux machine,
check a hardware compatibility list ( HCL ) at :
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/index.html
If you device isnt listed on HCL, then check
the manufacturers website to see if Linux
drivers are available.
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
4/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 4
System Boot Procedure
1. First, the internal power supply turns on. It
takes a bit of time to generate enough power
for the rest system
2.W
hen there is sufficient power, the processoris ready to execute and it looks to the BIOS
ROM for instructions
3. Next, the BIOS performs the Power-On Self-
Test, or POST. If there are no problems foundduring, then computer beeps once and
continues with the boot process
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
5/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 5
System Boot Procedure
4. After POST, the BIOS looks for and executesthe video card's BIOS program, and initializes
the video card
5. When the video card is initialized, the BIOS
looks for any other device ROMs that have
BIOSes, such as ITE/ATA hard drives
6. Now the BIOS displays the startup screen
7. BIOS continues toperform more tests, suchas the memory count-up test. Any errors
encountered at this point in the process will
usually generate an error message on the
screen
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
6/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 6
System Boot Procedure
8. Next, the BIOS takes more inventory of the hardware
on the system. It is at this stage that modern BIOSes
initiate automatic settings
9. If the Plug and Play (PnP) standard is supported hy the
BIOS, then PnP devices are configuredat this stage10.Now the BIOS begins tosearch for a drive to boot.The
order depends on the boot sequence BIOS setting
11.When the target boot drive is identified, the BIOS looks
for the boot information to start the OS. Once it finds ,
the BIOSstarts the process of booting the OS, using
the information in the boot sector
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
7/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 7
POST ( Power-On Self Test )
Before the BIOS initiates the actual boot
sequence, a built-in diagnostic program
called POST checks the hardware and verifies
that essential components are present and
functioning. After verifying the components,
it performs a memory test as the actual boot
process begins
If everything checks out correctly, BIOSemits a beep, otherwise BIOS will emit a
series of beeps
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
8/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 8
BIOS and CMOS
Thesettings for the BIOS arestoredin theComplementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor,
or CMOS. The information includes : time,
type and speed of the CPU, hard drive
parameters, and the amount of RAM in the
computer,
A small batteryin the computer powers the
CMOS memory setting. so the settings are
retained when the computer is shut down. In
the event of a battery failure the settings are
usually lost, even password for CMOS
protection
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
9/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 9
Floppy Drives
The controller for floppy drives have 34 wires
and 3 connectors :one connect to
motherboard, other two are reserved for
floppy drives fd0, fd1
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
10/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 10
IDE Drives
Most hard drives and CD drives are IDE (
Integrated Drive Electronics) and conform to
AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI). IDE
devices use a 40-pin ribbon to connect to
ATAPI controllers
Most PCs have 2 ATAPI controllers: aprimary
and asecondary. Each controller can connect
to two different IDE drives with one drivedesignated as the master drive and the other
as the slave drive
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
11/28
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
12/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 12
IDE Drives
To optimize your hardware set up with IDE
devices, it is best to have only one hard drive
and one CD drive set up in the primary and
secondary master positions: the hard drive
as hda and the CD as hdc
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
13/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 13
SCSI (Small Computer SystemInterface)
Designed to be a high-level, expandable, high-
performance interface, SCSI is usually found in
servers and other high-end computers
Since SCSI's creation in 1979, multiple forms of SCSI
standards have been developed : SCSI-1.SCSI-2, andSCSI-3. They all have two things in common:
All SCSI devices are controlled by a host adapter
All SCSI devices are connected in series, with the
last device using a terminator indicating that it is
the final device in the chain
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
14/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 14
Types of SCSI and Characteristics
SCSI-1 8-bit 50 5MBps
SCSI-2 (Fast SCSI) 8-bit 50 10MBps
SCSI-2 (Wide SCSI) 16-bit 68 20MBps
SCSI-3 (Ultra Wide SCSI) 16-bit 68 40MBps
SCSI-3 (Ultra2 Wide SCSI) 16-bit 68 80MBps
SCSI Type Bus Wires Data Transfer
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
15/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 15
SCSI BIOS
Like the BIOS, there is usually a key
configuration to enter the SCSI BIOS menu at
boot time. In this menu you can configure
boot sequences, controller SCSI addresses,
SCSI bus speed, onboard termination, and
more.
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
16/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 16
PERIPHERAL DEVICES: AGP, ISA AND PCI
Three slots for installation peripherals :
AGP : Accelerated Graphics Port, is a common option
for video cards. AGP video cards uses computers
RAM memory to boost performance, runs at 66Mhz
or higher ISA : Industry Standard Architecture, is the oldest
standard for peripheral cards, runs at 8.33MHz
PCI : Peripheral Component Interconnect, hardware
does not communicate directly with the CPU. Using
DMA (direct memory access) channels instead, PCI
hardware communicates directly with other
components in the computer. The PCI bus runs at
33MHz.
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
17/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 17
HOT SWAPPABLE HARDWARE
Hot swappable devices are peripherals that
can be added or removed from a computer
without having to reboot the machine.
Three types of hot swapable devices: USB - Universal Serial Bus
IEEE 1394 Institute for Electrical and
Electronics Engineers 1394
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
18/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 18
USB
USB was developed in 1996 but was not
incorporated into Linux kernel until the
realease of 2.4 kernel
USB data transfer : 1.5MBps ( USB1.x ),
60MBps (USB 2.0)
Support for USB 2.0 is planed for the 2.6
Linux kernel
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
19/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 19
Other Peripherals
On the back of standard PCs there are ports
for specific peripherals:
PS/2 : Used for mice and keyboards
COM : COM is short for serialcommunications port. Older mice and
modems use this port
LPT : The LPT ports are used by printers
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
20/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 20
Channels
When configuring a PC, the most common
cause of devices not working are channel
conflicts. Its important to assign only one
device to a channel
Channel can be categorized :
Interrupt Requests (IRQ)
Input/output (I/O) addresses
Direct memory access (DMA)
Communication (COM) ports
Printer ports (LPT)
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
21/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 21
IRQ
Interrupt requests, or IRQs, are what allows
devices to send requests to the CPU for servic
Modern computer has 16 IRQs, numbered 0-
15, lower numbers having a higher priority
While most devices can NOT share IRQs, some
types of hard drive and USB controller can
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
22/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 22
IRQsandtheirdefaultdevices
0 System Timer 8 Realtimeclock (inCMOS)
1 Keyboard 9 Varies
2 CascadefromIRQs8-15 10 Varies
3 COM2 orCOM4 11 Varies
4 COM1 orCOM3 12 PS/2Mouse
5 Somesoundcards orsecondLPT 13 Mathcoprocessor
6 Floppy diskcontroller 14 Primary ATAPIcontroller
7 FirstLPT 15 Secondary ATAPIcontroller
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
23/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 23
I/O Address
Devices on a PC require that they have a few
bytes of RAM located at one or more
input/output (I/O)addresses. The information
stored within these addresses are shared with
the rest of the system.
I/O Addresses are shown in hexadecimal
notation. For example, the I/O address
associated with COM2 is 02f8
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
24/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 24
DMA
DMA are used primarily to transfer information to and
from memory without the main CPU handling each bit.
Most PCs have eightDMA channels and are typically
used by floppy drives, tape drives, and some sound
cards
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
25/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 25
COM Ports
COM ports are also known asserialports. COM ports are
associated with specific IRQ and I/O addresses :
Port IRQ LinuxDesignation I/Oaddress
COM1 4 ttyS0 3f8
COM2 3 ttyS1 2f8
COM3 4 ttyS2 3e8
COM4 3 ttyS3 2e8
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
26/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 26
Printer Ports (LPT)
Most PCs have one physical printer port,
though you can get an adapter to set up a
second LPT if needed.The IRQs and I/O
addresses for LPTI and LPT2 are as follows:
Table 3.6 Default IRQ and I/O Addresses for LPT ports
Port IRQ LinuxDesignation I/OAddress
LPT1 7 lp0 378
LPT2 5 lp1 278
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
27/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 27
SCSI Device Numbering
For SCSI, the type of SCSI bus determines the
number of SCSI devices you can have on your
computer
Each device is associated with a number that
determines the priority in accessing the SCSI
bus ( 0-7 , 0-15 )
SCSI ID 7 is reservedfor the SCSI host
adapter since 7 has the highest priority. SCSI numbering, going from highestto lowest
in priority, is as follows: 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,0,
15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10,9,8
8/9/2019 LPI 101 Ch03 Hardware
28/28
SAIGONLAB 83 Nguyn Th Nh, P9, Q.Tn Bnh, Tp. HCM LPI 102 28
Summary
Describe a system boot procedure
Describe the POST procedure
Describe the BIOS/CMOS
Identify the different drive types (ATAPISCSI, )
Define and identify hot swapable hardware
Identify the different types of address
Identify the different types of ports
Identify the different types of channelcategories