Post on 05-Apr-2018
transcript
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
1/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
Getting Started
Copyright 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Personality Development in
Childhood and Adolescence
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image;
any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
2/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
Getting Started
Copyright 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Topics What Is Personality Development?
Do Infants Have Personality? How Does the Young Childs Personality
Develop?
What Are the Challenges of MiddleChildhood?
What Are Adolescents Doing?
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
3/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Is Personality Development?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Stage Theories Erik H. Eriksons Stage Theory of Development
Development is psychosocial: The person
develops along paths expected by society Early development is in the home.
Development as a youth must meet the expectations
of schools and community groups
Later development in community, at work, with newly
formed family
Eight Stages of Development
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
4/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Is Personality Development?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Stage TheoriesStages 1-3 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: Personal Social
Trust
Basic MistrustInfancy
Infant explores securely or feelsinsecure and unsafe
Family
AutonomyShameand Doubt
Ages 2-3
Toddler begins to control things
around him/her, toilet training,
feeding, etc.
Family
InitiativeGuilt
5-7 years
Develop plans and goals within
the and outside the family; inte-
grated within right and wrong
Family
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
5/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Is Personality Development?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Stage TheoriesStages 4 and 5 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: Personal Social
IndustryInferiority
Middle School Age
Becoming competent vs. feeling
inertia
Grade
School
Identity--Role
ConfusionPuberty
Choosing school; friends; majors;
vs. unable to choose
Senior Year
High SchoolCollege
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
6/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Is Personality Development?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Stage TheoriesStages 6 through 8 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: Personal Social
Intimacy vs.
IsolationYoung Adulthod
Forming intimate relationships
versus existing alone and inisolation
Occupations;
organizations
Generativity vs.Stagnation
Adulthood
Creation of a new family;contributing to society vs.repeating life on a day-to-day
basis with little growth andgiving
Occupation;family
Ego Integrity vs.DespairMaturity
Positive sense of self asgiving, productive vs. inabilityto accept his or her life
Family;occupation;institutions
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
7/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
Do Infants Have a Personality?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
The Infants Challenge Buzzing, blooming confusion? Not hardly
Facial recognition virtually from birth
6-10 weeks: Social smile
15-18 months: Self-recognition in mirror
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
8/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
Do Infants Have a Personality?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Infant Temperament Easy Child
Rhythmic in hunger, sleep-wake, excretion
Positive approach to others Low or mild intensity of reactions
Positive mood
Difficult Child
Irregular in hunger, sleep-wake, excretion Withdrawal from others
High intensity of reactions
Negative mood
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
9/27
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
10/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Self Concept 2 - 5 years
Infantile amnesia lifts Children have no cognitive organization of memories before
about 3 years of age
Now, sustained memories are laid down that form the basis ofthe persons life story
3, 4, & 5 year-olds were ushered from a daycare centerwhen a popcorn maker caught fire (Pillemer, Picariello &Pruett (1995). 7 years later, 4 & 5-year-olds clearly remembered the event
3 years old mistakenly recalled where they were
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
11/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Changes in Temperament In Infancy, a Big Three of temperament
are:
Positivity Negativity, and
Cuddliness
In Young Children, Self-Control replacesCuddliness
Important in social interactions, meal-time,having friends, toilet training
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
12/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Parents and the Family ContextStyles of Parenting
(modified from Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Nurturance
Responsive,
child-centered
Rejecting,
Parent-centered
Control Demanding,
High on control
Authoritative Authoritarian
Undemanding,
Low on control
Permissive Uninvolved
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
13/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Birth Order Sulloway (1996)
First-born children may identify most closely with
parents As they grow, tend to be more conservative and to
uphold society as it stands
In one study: 83 scientist siblings (brothers, sisters, or brothers and
sisters), Both on record regarding an innovative scientific theory
First-borns supported innovation 50% of the time
Later-borns supported innovation 85% of the time
R RSO D O
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
14/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
The Gendered World Sex and Gender
Sexual development diverges for the male and female fetus at 9 weeks
Upon birth, most children can be identified as one or the other sex
Social understandings of gender also come into play
Children were studied in 90 nations on an International Survey. Example; One of these people is emotional. They cry when something
good happens as well as when everything goes wrong. Which is theemotional person?
The pointed to male or female figure
Children indicate women more than men in response to the question by
5-years By Five Years of Age
Children play in same sex groups (through to adolescence)
Children take care to choose toys and television shows preferred byother members of their sex
PART 4 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11 PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
15/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Self Concept The child increasing focuses on life tasks
Doing well in school
If industry fails, individual may feel inferior
Making friends
If relationships fail, child may be victimized
Begins thinking about adult relationshipsand occupations
PART 4 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11 PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
16/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
From Temperament to the Big Five Traits
Dimensions
of Temperament
The Big Five Traits
Extrav. Neurot. Open Consc. Agree.Surgency .59 -.08 .40 .10 .30
Neg. Affect -.16 .49 -.17 -.16 .03
Sensitivity .19 .19 .54 .15 .20
Paying attention .09 -.34 .21 .44 -.04
PART 4 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11 PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
17/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Friendship Patterns Children rely very much on their friendships
Some children are far more socially skilled and have moresuccessful relationships
Other children gradually become isolated
This can be teased out in the entry situation, in whichchildren are asked to join a dyad of children already atplay.
What will they do? Skilled children take on roles relevant to the dyad: Oh, you aresuperman and batman? Ill be spiderman
Unskilled children speak in unrelated terms: Oh, okay, my momis taking me to a restaurant today.
PART 4 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11 PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
18/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Sex and Gender Adolescence begins with the sexual maturation
of puberty
For girls, vagina, uterus, and ovaries mature
menarche, the first menstrual cycle, occurs
Assume a more rounded appearance; breasts mature
For boys, testes and penis mature
Shoulders broaden
Facial hair grows; Childhood fat tissue change to muscle
PART 4 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11 PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
19/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Sex and Gender With rapid physical maturation:
The child now looks much different
Often feels all eyes are on her or him
Reconcile inner and outer self
A new sense of identity emerges
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
20/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Sex and GenderAdolescent Women, Men, and Sexual Desire
Men Women
Peergroups
Often encourage sexualexperimentation; often
positive attitudes
toward casual sex
Often concerned with imageamong friends; often try to
restrain one anothers sexual
activity
Desired
SexualPartners
Average men desire 18
or more sexual partnersover their lives
Average women desire 4 to 5
sexual partners over theirlives
Thoughts
of sex
Struggle with thoughts,
often distracted,
disturbed.
Struggle with thoughts, but
not as badly as men
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
21/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Sex and GenderAdolescent Women, Men, and Personality Traits
Men Women
Aggression Are higher than womenin self-rated aggression
and aggressive
behavior
Are lower than men in self-ratedaggression and lower in
aggressive behavior
Thing
versusPerson
Are Thing oriented:
cars, electronics,houses
Are People oriented:
relationships, connections
Depression Rates of depression
are similar to women
before puberty
Rates of depression rise
relative to men after puberty
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
22/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Establishing Identity Identity
Who one is
Group memberships Beliefs that guide life
Identity Crisis (Erik H. Erikson) Inability to assemble an identity
Drifting Possible serious psychological crisis
Concept further developed by Marcia
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
23/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Marcias Concept of Identity Status
Commitment
Low High
Self-
Exploration
High Moratorium:
Prolonged
exploration
Achievement:
Finding a right
Identity
Low Diffusion:
Unfocussed,Unconcerned
Foreclosure:
Influenced bysomeone else
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
24/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Case of Identity Diffusion Kathy moved from her home in Ohio to the University of
Chicago (Littwin, 1986, p. 49, 61-62). Unfortunately duringher first years there, her financial aid was cut off. To makeends meet, she took three jobs: a research assistant to aprofessor, a departmental assistant in the philosophydepartment, and a cashier in a near by health food restaurant.It was the latter of the three jobs she enjoyed the most as itenabled her to deal with people in an off-campusenvironment. As time went on, she became focused onmatters other than school and dropped out in her fifth yearwithout a degree
She felt tired and depressed concerning her experiences, anddecided to move to New York. By coincidence, the professorshe worked with at the University of Chicago was starting abusiness in New York, and he hired her to assist with the
organizations computers. (cont.)
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
25/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Case of Identity Diffusion (Cont.) She did well at this, despite a lack of training, and began to earn
a respectable salary. At the same time, she didnt like thevalues of the Wall Street firm, or what she was doing, so, after asupervisor commented negatively on her informal dress, she
quit, and collected unemployment for five months. By now,Kathy was 25 years old, she appeared drawn, uncertainly,toward a number of different possible futures, including finishingschool and entering a Ph.D. program in history, doing New Agedance therapy, writing, public policy research, and yet, wasuncertain about doing any of them. Kathy seemed less involved
in exploring than in a somewhat chaotic maneuvering among avariety of uncertain possibilities.
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
26/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Establishing Identity Outcomes
Little is known, really
Josselson (1996)
Among 30 women, those with identity achievement
Were able to move ahead in 30s and 40s in a clearer
fashion
Better sense of meaning
Better coping with setbacks
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
7/31/2019 LPT11 Child Adolescent Develpment AB01.WB
27/27
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV
What Are Adolescents Doing?
~end of Chapter 11~