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ARIC Arabic Class NotesPart 1 (ver. 1.1)
1
TopicsParts of Speech English vs. Arabic
Arabic Alphabets
Arabic Vowel Signs
Indefinite & Definite
Noun Endings
The Nominal Sentence
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ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Revision History
2
Date Ver Author Revision Comments
Mar. 1, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version
Mar. 10, 2010 1.1 Zahid Naeem Multiple Corrections (e.g., to , genetive to genitive)
There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic
English has eight parts of speech
1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)
2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)
3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)
4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)
5. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)
6. Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)
7. Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)
8. Preposition (A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)
Arabic has only three parts of speech
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Particle
3
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic
4
English Arabic
Noun
Noun Pronoun
Adjective
Adverb
Interjection
Verb Verb Conjunction
Particle Preposition
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Arabic Alphabets
Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet
Consonants (have speech sound) : 28
Alif: serves two purposes
Elongates a consonant, e.g.
Act as a bearer of (hamza), e.g.
5
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Arabic Vowel Signs
There are 3 short vowel signs in Arabic
Fathah ( ) denoting a, e.g. da () Kasrah ( ) denoting i, e.g. di () Dummah ( ) denoting u, e.g. du ( )
Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukun ( ), e.g. notice in Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels
to elongate fathah, e.g. daa () to elongate kasrah, e.g. dii () to elongate dummah, e.g. duu ( )
6
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Indefinite & Definite
Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite ( ) or definite ( )
An indefinite noun is indicated by , which doubles the vowel sign at the end of the word, e.g.
A book
A chair - A Definite noun is indicated by prefixed to the noun. This also results in
eliminating the at the end of the word, e.g.
The book -
The chair -
and cannot coexist. So will be incorrect
Please note many proper nouns, e.g. , end with , but they are still definite
7
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Noun Endings
In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence
These are called noun cases ( )
8
EnglishName
Arabic Name
Ending Vowel Sign
Function in a sentence
Examples
Nominative Dummah Subject , , ,
Accusative Fathah Object of a verb , , ,
Genitive Kasrah Possessor of a thing, or comes after a preposition or an adverb
, , ,
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
The Nominal Sentence ( )
A sentence that starts with a noun
Has a subject ( ) and a predicate ( ) The subject is always nominative ( ) The predicate is always nominative ( ), if it is one word The subject is mostly definite ( ) The predicate is mostly indefinite ( )
9
ARIC Arabic Class NotesPart 2 (ver. 1)
1
TopicsThis () vs. That ()Solar vs. Lunar Letters
The Joining Hamza ( )
Examples from Quran ( , , )What () vs. Who ()
Particle of Interrogation and Answer
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ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)
This () vs. That ()
2
This is a book ( )
That is a door ( )
Demonstrative pronoun () : :
Like all pronouns, these are definite
These are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing to masculine nouns
They have feminine counterparts will learn later
and are pronounced as and respectively,but are written without the alif
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)
Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)
3
Of 28 consonant letters, 14 letters are called solar letters ( ) and 14 are called lunar letters ( )
This distinction is only for pronunciation of words starting with these letters
when prefixed with (the definite article)
Articulation of solar letters involves the tip of the tongue, e.g., , , , ,
Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar letters, e.g., , , , ,
When is prefixed to a noun beginning with a solar letter, the of the is assimilated to the solar letter, e.g., al-shamsu is pronounced as ash-shamsu
The assimilation is indicated by the shaddah on the first letter of the noun
In writing, the is not assimilated, e.g., No such assimilation takes place for lunar letters, e.g., al-qamaru is pronounced
as al-qamaru ()
)1 .rev( 2 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
)2 fo 2( sretteL ranuL .sv raloS
4
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)
The Joining Hamza ()
5
The in (the definite article) is called If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced
E.g., (the house) is pronounced al-baitu and (and the house) is pronounced as wa l-baitu and not wa al-baitu
also appears words without the , e.g., (name)
(son)
To signify as , look for one of the following three conditions: A symbol on alif, as
Without any or symbol on alif
Completely omitted in writing, e.g., Both and in are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and
is preceded with another word
E.g., is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmu
(Joining, uniting,
attaching)
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)
6
As opposed to , is always pronounced, regardless of its position in the sentence
is usually written with a symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:
Examples:
(one)
(when) ...
(Cutting,
Discontinuing, Separating)
)1 .rev( 2 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
) , , ( naruQ morf selpmaxE
7
secnatsni dna )( srettel ranul ,) ( srettel ralos dniFahitaF-lA haruS ni dna fo
rettel ranuL rettel raloS
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)
What () vs. Who ()
8
Meaning What Who
Usage Used for irrational things
( ), e.g. non-living things, animals, plants etc.
Used for rational beings
( ). Three categories include humans, jinns, and angels.
Example What is this? () Who is he? ()
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)
Particle of Interrogation and Answer
9
This is a house ( )
Is this a house? ( )
Prefixing to a statement turns it into a question
Used in this context is called (particle of interrogation)
means no
means yes
and are called (particles of answer)
ARIC Arabic Class NotesPart 3 (ver. 3)
1
TopicsPreposition ( ) & Genitive Case ( )
Detached Pronoun ( )
Possessed & Possessor ( )
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3)
Revision History
2
Date Ver Author Revision Comments
Mar. 7, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version
Mar. 14, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added section for and more description for
Mar. 20, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added more content for and
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ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3)
Preposition ( ) & Genitive Case ( )
3
Literal meaning of is a particle of pulling
Examples of preposition ( ):
In
On
From
To When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to
be in genitive case ( )
The house - , In the house
A house - , In a house
is a (phrase) It looks like a sentence but is not one
Same as
got pulled to because of the preceding
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3) 4
More Prepositions and Examples from Quran
(59:21) Had We sent down this Quran on a mountain
... On (96:2) He created man from a clot
From (26:50) we shall but return toour Lord
To (97:1) We have indeed revealed this (Message) in the Night of Power
In (2:119) And thou will not be asked about the owners of hell-fire
About, concerning
(2:284) To Allah belongswhatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth.
Belongs to, for
(2:153) O ye who believe! seek help with patient perseverance and prayer; for Allah is with those who patiently persevere.
By, at, in
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3)
Nominal Sentence with
5
Muhammad is in the mosque
the mosque in Muhammad
It is on a table
a table on It
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3)
Detached Pronoun ( )
6
3rd Person
Masculine
Singular He, It
Dual They (2) Plural They
Feminine
Singular She, It Dual They (2)
Plural They
2nd person
Masculine
Singular You
Dual You (2) Plural You (>2)
Feminine
Singular You Dual You (2)
Plural You (>2)
1st person Masc. & Fem.Singular I
Plural We
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3)
Detached Pronoun ( )
7
Are never attached with any other word
Are always (definite)
Are considered (nominative case), even though most of them do not have a (dummah) ending
Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not change
In Arabic such nouns are called (fixed)
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3) 8
Possessed & Possessor
(of) Bilal book
Bilals book
(of) the teacher table
The teachers table
Used to convey a possession relationship between two nouns
Also referred to as (Al-Idaafatu) English uses of or s for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilals book
Made up of two parts:
Possessed (or possession) Possessor
Possessed - Can take any case ending,
as the need be
Never takes (tanwin) or (the definite article)
Is (definite) by position
Possessor - Is always (genitive
case)
Can take (tanwin) or (the definite article)
Can be (indefinite) or (definite)
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3)
Definite vs. indefinite
Different case endings for
Noun after is always
9
Examples of Valid
(of) the teacher table on
On the teachers table
(of) the teacher table Verily
Verily the teachers table
(of) the teacher table
The teachers table
(of) the student book
The students book
(of) a student book
A students book
01 )3 .rev( 3 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
tcerroC .sv tcerrocnI
evah tonnac
evah tonnac
eb tonnac
eb tonnac
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3) 11
More on
Whose book?
(of) who book
Even though is , it does not have (kasrah) ending, because it is (indeclinable). Other similar examples:
(Whose pen?) (Whose son?)
Mosque of Allahs Prophet
(of) Allah (of the) prophet mosque
Notice two sets of . is in and it is in .
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3) 12
Examples from Quran -
(110:1) When comes the help of Allah
(114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind (24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and the earth
(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah
(48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah
(6:127) For them is the home of safety (40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (O Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise of Allah is true
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3)
Nominal Sentences with
13
Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah
(of) Allah Messenger Muhammad
The students pen is broken
broken (of) the student pen
ARIC Arabic Class NotesPart 4 (ver. 5)
1
TopicsTopicsGender Introduction
Substitute ( )
Adverb ( )
Adjective ( )
The Relative Pronoun ()
The Past Tense Verb ()
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
Revision History
2
Date Ver Author Revision Comments
Mar. 27, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version
Apr. 4, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added Substitute and Adverb slides
Apr. 10, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added Adjective slides
Apr. 24, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem Added more slides for Adjective and the Past Tense Verb
May 1, 2010 5 Zahid Naeem Added slides for The Relative Pronoun
There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
Gender Introduction
3
All nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine
Usually a masculine noun can be changed to feminine, by:
1. Adding a (closed ta ) at the end and,
2. Putting a (fathah) on the letter before
Not all feminine nouns have a or ending
Not all nouns ending with or are feminine
Two feminine nouns with a (open ta )ending
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
Feminine: This () vs. That ()
4
is pronounced as but is written without the alif
This is a watch ( ) This is a watch ( )
That is a car ( ) That is a car ( )
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
Gender of Body Members
5
(head)
(nose)
(face)
(mouth)
(hand)
(eye)
(ear)
(leg)
Double members are usually feminine
Single members are usually masculine
)5 .rev( 4 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
ecnetneS lanimoN dna redneG
6
emas eht eb tsum dna fo redneG
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
(is) new The house This
This house
This house is new
Substitute -
7
This is new
The house is new
A substitute ( ) is a definite noun ( ) following a demonstrative pronoun ( )
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
Adverb -
Examples of Adverb of Place (Examples of Adverb of Place ()
is a noun that indicates the place or time
acts like a , so the noun following it is can never be a (subject), even if the sentence starts with it
(under) (under)
(behind) (behind) (in front)
Examples of Adverb of Time ( Examples of Adverb of Time ( )
(there) (there)
(here) (here) (over) (over)
(today)
(near) (near)
(between) (between)
(tomorrow) (tomorrow) (yesterday) (yesterday)
(night) (morning) (morning) (evening) (noon)
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
Examples from Quran -
9
(16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted [others] from the way of Allah - We will increase them in punishment over [their] punishment for what corruption they were causing.
:
(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance to you under the tree and He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded them with a victory close by.
:(4:159) And there is none from the People of the Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection he will be against them a witness.
:
(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I will do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding], "If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will guide me to what is nearer than this to right conduct."
:
:(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His books and His messengers, [saying], "We make no distinction between any of His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination."
:
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
Adjective -
In Arabic the (adjective) comes after the . In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies
A new house
A noun that describes or qualifies another noun is
called (adjective)
The noun being described or qualified
is called
A house
is also called
Adjective = = is also called
Noun Qualified = =
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5)
Agreements between and
and should be in agreement in the following:
This is a small boy
This is a small girl
Gender1
The new teacher is in the class
Bilal is a new teacher
Indefinite vs.
definiteIndefinite vs.
definite
2
I am in a new house
This is a new house
Case3
That is a new student
Those are new students
Number
4
21 )5 .rev( 4 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
htiw ecnetneS lanimoN
moor eht ni si riahc nekorb ehT
drib llams a si worraps ehT
loohcs yradnoces eht ni ma I
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5) 13
References from Quran -
(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to you from Allah light and a luminous Book.
:
(68:4) And undoubtedly, you possessexcellent manners.
:
(44:17) and an honourable Messenger came to them.
:
(1:6) Guide us in the straight path. :
(45:10) And for them is a great torment. :
(8:274) For them is forgiveness and honourable provision.
:
(61:13) help from Allah and a near victory :
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5) 14
Where is the ?
The Arabic is an easy language
The Arabic language is easy
Exercise
Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern. Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5) 15
or not
A new book
The new book is heavy
The book is new
This book is new
This new book is heavy
Abbas is a merchant
11
22
33
44
55
66
Exercise
Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern. Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5) 16
The Relative Pronoun -
is called the relative pronoun () It is translated as:
Who for all rational beings
Which for all irrational beings and things
It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later
It is always followed by a description, which is known as
The man, who left the room, is a merchant
The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacher
71 )5 .rev( 4 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
sa
tnahcrem a si ,moor eht tfel ohw ,nam ehT
tnahcrem a si nam ehT
tnahcrem a si nam llat ehT
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5) 18
The Past Tense Verb ()The Past Tense Verb ()
Verb = Action =
Doer = Subject =
Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense () The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person
singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he ()
The doer of the action ( ) is hidden ( ) within the base form of the verb ( ). Notice the hidden he in
(He left)
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5) 19
Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb
Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb.
To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on
the pattern of as follows.
(He left)
(1st radical)
(2nd radical)
(3rd radical)
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5) 20
Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb
In the base form for all 3 letter past tense verbs:
and always have a
can have a , , or
Meaning
He left
He sat
He helped
He heard
He became noble
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 4 (ver. 5) 21
Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb
Suffix He They (2) They (>2)
She They (2) They (>2) You You (2) You (>2) You You (2) You (>2) I We
All in this group are either or have a sukun on them, so this
group is called
All in this group have some vowel sign on them so this group is
called
This alif is called (alif of protection). It protects the from being mistaken for the conjunction (and). It is written but not pronounced
This is (ta of feminine)
22 )5 .rev( 4 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
selpmaxE breV esneT tsaP ehT fo noitagujnoC
xiffuS eH )2( yehT )2>( yehT
ehS )2( yehT )2>( yehT uoY )2( uoY )2>( uoY uoY )2( uoY )2>( uoY I eW
ARIC Arabic Class NotesPart 5 (ver. 7)
1
TopicsTopicsAttached Pronoun ( )
Early Predicate and Late Subject ( )
Plural ( )
Numbers ( )
Diptotes ( )
Types of khabar ( )
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8)
Revision History
2
Date Ver Author Revision Comments
Apr. 24, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version
May 1, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added more notes on Attached Pronoun
May 8, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added Early Predicate and Late Subject ( )
May 15, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem Added Plural () slides
Jun. 19, 2010 5 Zahid NaeemAdded a slide for plurals of irrationals and adjective for mudaf vs. mudafilaihi
Jun. 26, 2010 6 Zahid Naeem Added slides for Numbers ( )
Jul. 10, 2010 7 Zahid NaeemAdded slides for singular, dual and plural case endings, grammatical analysis & Diptotes
Jul. 24, 2010 8 Zahid Naeem Added slide for types of khabar
There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8) 3
Attached Pronoun ( )Attached Pronoun ( )
Muhammads book.
His book
His book
Your book
Your book
and are attached pronouns ( )
An attached pronoun ( ), when attached to a noun, is always and the noun it is attached to is
The attached pronoun in this case is always
+
+
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8) 4
Attached Pronoun ( )Attached Pronoun ( )
From Muhammad
Him From
From him
Them From
From them
and are attached pronouns ( )
An attached pronoun ( ), when attached to a (preposition), is always
+
+
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8)
Attached Pronoun ( ) vs. Detached Pronoun ( )Attached Pronoun ( ) vs. Detached Pronoun ( )
5
3rd Person
Masculine
Singular He, It
Dual They (2) Plural They
Feminine
Singular She, It Dual They (2)
Plural They
2nd person
Masculine
Singular You
Dual You (2) Plural You (>2)
Feminine
Singular You Dual You (2)
Plural You (>2)
1st person Masc. & Fem.
Singular I Plural We
(Detached Pronoun) (Detached Pronoun) (Attached Pronoun) (Attached Pronoun)
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8)
Attached Pronoun ( ) vs. Detached Pronoun ( )Attached Pronoun ( ) vs. Detached Pronoun ( )
6
Always (definite)
Are (fixed)
Always (nominative)
Always (definite)
Are (fixed)
Always (genitive) or (accusative)
Can be attached to a noun, verb or a particle
This is called (ya-ulmutakallim) Ya of the first person
7 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
sa ) ( nuonorP dehcattA sa ) ( nuonorP dehcattA
siH ).sam 2( riehT ).sam 2>( riehT reH )mef 2( riehT )mef 2>( riehT ruoY ).sam 2( ruoY ).sam 2>( ruoY )mef( ruoY )mef 2( ruoY )mef 2>( ruoY yM ruO
eht fo rettel tsal ehT
nehw a steg A . ot dehcatta rettel tsal eht no eht edam evah dluow .tluciffid noitaicnunorp
segnahc ehT ti nehw a ot na yb dewollof si .nuonorp dehcatta
8 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
snuoN laicepS htiw ) ( nuonorP dehcattAsnuoN laicepS htiw ) ( nuonorP dehcattA
neewteb artxe eht ecitoN emas yB . dna rehtaf sdammahuM nekot
eb lliw laiceps 4 eht fo 2 era . artxe siht ekat hcihw ,snuon .retal owt rehto eht nrael lliW
ton seod artxe rof elur ehT era snuon eseht nehw ylppa
yb dewollof
9 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
sa ) ( nuonorP dehcattA
+ =
fo dne eht ta ehT si ti nehw )ay( a ot segnahc dehcatta na yb dewollof .nuonorp
ot morf egnahc eht eciton oslA.nuonorp dehcatta eht rof
rof eurt si emaS
01 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
sa ) ( nuonorP dehcattA
a steg noitisoperp ehT na yb dewollof si ti nehw eno htiw ,nuonorp dehcatta .woleb ees ;noitpecxe
sti sniater noitisoperp ehT ot dehcatta si ti nehw
11 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
.sv .sv xiffuS breV esneT tsaP
xiffuS breV esneT tsaP
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8) 12
Early Predicate and Late Subject ( )
The man is in the house
A man is in the house
A (phrase), e.g. (prepositional phrase) or (adverbial phrase) can never be (subject), even though a sentence may begin with it.
A garden is in front of the masjid
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8) 13
Plural ( )
Plural Plural
Broken Plural Broken Plural
Sound Plural
Sound Masculine Plural Sound Masculine Plural
Sound Feminine Plural Sound Feminine Plural
The singular word is broken to create the plural,
e.g. -> , -> . Broken plurals have many patterns, as explained later.
The singular word stays intact in the plural, e.g.
->
Has an na ( ) ending, e.g. ->
Has an tun ( ) ending, e.g. ->
Some nouns have multiple plural
forms, e.g., has two plural forms
1) and 2)
)8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
41
larulP nekorB fo snrettaP
)8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
51
larulP nekorB fo snrettaP
) ( etotpiD retal snrettap erom nrael lliw eW
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8) 16
Plural Demonstrative Pronouns
( )
This is a teacher
This is a (female) teacher
These are teachers
This is a book
These are books
There are exceptions to these rules, which we will learn later
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8)
17
Treatment of vs. Plurals
This is a new student
These are new students
In classical Arabic, sometimes broken plural for rational being is also treated as feminine singular.
This is a new teacher
These are new teachers
This is a new book
These are new books
This is a new watch
These are new watches
Is the door of the house open? Yes, it is open. .
Are the doors of the house open? Yes, they are open .
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8) 18
for
The teachers new book
The new teachers book
and always come together, so the for either one of them must come after
The case ending of the tells us if it is for or
Note the is definite if its is definite, so its must also be
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8) 19
Numbers -
Numbers ( singular: ) in Arabic are fully declinable nouns
The noun being counted with a
number is called
The rules for the and the change after every few numbers
02 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
01 ot 1 srebmuN rof seluR
sa nuon eht wollof 2 dna 1 htoB
eht dna eht os ,evitcejda . fo selur eht lla wollof
2 - 1 srebmuN
) ( rebmuN
eht erofeb semoC
) ro niwnat on ecneh( sI
) ( detnuoc gnieb nuoN
) ecneh( sI
sI si dna fo redneg ehT
etisoppo
01 - 3 srebmuN
12 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
larulP dnuoS dna lauD ,ralugniS rof sgnidnE esaC
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
22 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
)12 .hC ,1 kooB( sisylanA lacitammarG - ssalC yM
siht loohcs ym
ti raen morf dijsam eht
ti loohcs gib
sah ti eerht srood
srood sti nepo won
ni loohcs eht sessalc ynam
siht ssalc ruo
dna ti ssalc suoicaps
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 5 (ver. 8) 23
The Diptote
literally means indeclinable Impermissible, prohibited Inflection, declension
Diptote ( ) is category of nouns and adjectives1. Which never get a tanwin and
2. Their genitive ( ) case is represented by fathah ( ) Compare diptotes to regular nouns (a.k.a Triptotes), which
1. Get a tanwin, when theyre indefinite and
2. Decline to kasrah ( ) in their genitive ( ) case
Diptote -
Triptote -
42 )8 .rev( 5 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA
) ( sweN fo sepyT) ( sweN fo sepyT
ecnetneS esarhP drow enO