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The Impact ofIrregular Migration
on Boys, Girls, andAdolescents inCommunities of
Origin
Magda Medina
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Context
Global economic crisis
Climate change
Violence
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Consequences
Increased human mobility internal and externalmovements.
Migration of parents, leaving girls, boys, and
adolescents unattended and not cared for by their
parents.
Migration of boys, girls, and adolescents, who becomemore vulnerable.
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Origin,
Transit, andDestination
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Origin
Girls, boys, and adolescents abandoning their home
and community to complement the family income in
times of crisis;
Abandoning the home to save on home expenses; Absent for several days or weeks;
Internal migration;
External migration.
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Transit
Children and adolescents from other
countries traveling through Guatemala on their
way to Mexico;
Boys, girls, and adolescents from Guatemala
traveling through the country on their way to
the Mexican border.
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Destination
Children and adolescents with other nationality arriving in
Guatemala intending to voluntarily stay in the country
temporarily or permanently;
Boys, girls, and adolescents arriving in Guatemala under
false pretenses or having been forced: Trafficking inPersons;
Internal migration, from rural to urban areas.
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Living inthe
country ofdestinatio
n
Familyreunifica-
tion
(countryofdestinatio
n)
Labormigration(internal)
Extendedstay in
thereceivingcountry
Children
and
Adolescents
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Questions
Migration and Development
1. Migration stimulates development
2. Migration hinders development
None of the above mentioned perspectives
consider the new vulnerabilities and the
material and psycho-social costs for migrantsand their families and communities of origin.
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A Multi-Dimensional Approach
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Migration &EconomyMitigating povertyIncome allocationInvestmentHuman capitalMitigating povertyIncome allocation
InvestmentHuman capital
SocialDevelopmentEducation, healthEmpowerment of
womenEducation, healthEmpowerment ofwomen
Children andAdolescentsPsycho-socialaspectsFamily dynamicsPsycho-socialaspectsFamily dynamics
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Migration and Economy:
Remittances
Remittances and Poverty Reduction
Help reduce the depth and severity of poverty
but do not eradicate poverty
Context of the current economic crisisRemittances, Resource Allocation, and Inequality
Create inequalities among homes receiving
remittances and those that do not receive any
remittancesRemittances and Investment
Consumption and investment
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Social Development
Migration as an alternative insurance
mechanism
An increase in the spheres of education
and health
Empowerment of women
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Children and Adolescents
Family migration
Emotional implications
Risk behavior Family disintegration
New family structures
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UNICEF-IOM Study
Within the framework on the Survey on
Remittances 2009 - IOM, UNICEF
established an agreement to include a
module about the impact on children andadolescents in families with migrants due
to the world economy crisis.
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Variables
Explored through the Survey
Amount and quality of food intake Acute and chronic malnutrition Absenteeism and dropping out of school Health
Child labor Migration The trend to enter couple relationships at an early age Domestic violence and mistreatment
Remittances and family consumption Effects of the crisis and strategies implemented Institutional networks for social protection
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Assumptions
Prior to the Survey
Families develop strategies to adjust their needs
according to the availability of resources.
Reducing access to services (health, education, and
protection) for boys, girls, adolescents, and pregnant women
and reducing the amount or quality of food intake.
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Assumptions
Prior to the Survey The need to generate income or reduce expenses
promotes a family behavior system that uses
mechanisms such as:
Temporary or permanent removal of boys and girls fromschool
Increasing child labor and risk of commercial sexualexploitation
Internal or external migration
Entering couple relationships at an early age(adolescents and young adults)
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The Economic Crisis:Income through Remittances
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R itt
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Remittances as aPercentage of the GDP
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THE IMPACT OFTHE ECONOMIC CRISIS ON
THE SITUATION OF
GIRLS, BOYS, AND
ADOLESCENTS
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B tf di d Alt ti F di
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Cows Milkand/or
Goats Milk
13.6%
Powdered
Milk
59.5%
Atole19.7%
Other
7.3%
Breastfeeding and Alternative Feeding:
Babies Under 7 Months of Age
BREASTFEEDING BABIESUNDER 7 MONTHS OF AGE
YES 72.5%
NO 27.5%
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Children Under 2 Years of Age Who are Fed
through Breastfeeding, together with other Food
Children under 2 years of age whoare fed through breastfeeding,
together with other food
YES 53.5%
NO(only food)
46.5%
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BOYS,24.4 %
GIRLS,
29.2%
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Reducing the Amount of Meals
and Deterioration of the Quality of Food
Families in all municipalities have reducedthe amount and/or quality of food intake.
Reducing the amount of meals. Basic food group: reducing the intake of
red meat, poultry, and dairy absent, inmost cases. Scarce knowledge about nutrition
alternatives or ways to prepare food topotentiate the use of wild foods and herbsin season.
In border municipalities linked throughcommercial corridors, consumption of foodsmuggled into the country (contraband).
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Ate Less
Food at each
Meal
32.9%
Reduced
Meals from ThreeTo Two
4.6%
Stopped Eating
Meat
29.9%
Stopped EatingDairy
2.3%
Went on a Diet
1.6% Other
28.7%
Reducing the Amount of Meals
and Deterioration of the Quality of Food
Under 17-year-olds whochanged their eating
habits
YES 3.2%
NO 96.8%
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EDUCATION OF
GIRLS, BOYS, AND
ADOLESCENTS
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172,095(13.8%)
1,074,9
53
(86.2%)
108,514
(8.7%)
89,368( 7
.2%)
524,180( 4
2.0%)
54,178(4.3%)
82,727(6
.6%)
550,773( 4
4.2%)
54,336( 4
.4%)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
Total Girls Boys
Not in School In School Dropped out
Education of Boys and Girls 7-17 Years of Age Who are
Beneficiaries of Remittances, 2009
TOTAL 1,247,048 (100.0%)
GIRLS 613,548 (49.2%)
BOYS 633,500 (50.8%)
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WORKING
DURING CHILDHOOD AND
ADOLESCENCE
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Increasing Internal Migration
Associated to Child Labor
Migration of boys and girls 12 - 14 years of age:destination, main cities in the municipality or
region, within or outside the municipality of
origin.
Girls and Adolescents: household workers,
salesgirls in small businesses and food stands. Boys and Adolescents: low-income service
provision such as helping masons, shining
shoes, selling various products on the street.
Child labor follows a historical trend of
agricultural labor and household work. Seasonal work to harvest sugar cane and
coffee; harvesting fruits in season in some
municipalities.
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EMPLOYED GIRLS 31,045 (33.4%)
EMPLOYED BOYS 61,860 (66.6%)
TOTAL POPULATION, 7 - 17YEARS OF AGE
1,247,048
TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYED7 17-YEAR-OLDS
92,905 (7.4%)
Child Labor (Under 17 Years of Age)
by Primary Occupation
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UNQUALIFIED
WORKERS
30.3%
OPERATORS AND
WORKERS IN
INDUSTRIAL ARTS
AND OTHERS
18.4%
AGRICULTURE
AND
FISHING INDUSTRY
27.3%
SERVICE PROVIDERS
AND
SALESPERSONS
17.9%
OTHER
OCCUPATIONS6.1%
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ENTERING
COUPLE RELATIONSHIPS
DURING
ADOLESCENCE
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The Trend to Enter a
Couple Relationship at 10-17 Years of Age
YEAR 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
% 3.4 3.4 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.3
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total Male Female
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MIGRATION
DURING CHILDHOOD AND
ADOLESCENCE
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Populations Under 17 years of Age Living Abroad,by Gender and Age
Cause of Emigration Under-Age %
Total population under 17years old living abroad
98,810 100.0
Economic improvement 39,539 40.0
To find employment 38,455 38.9
Family reunification 10,588 10.7
Building a home 2,956 3.0
Social violence 2,046 2.1
Other 5,226 5.3
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1
,756
970
786
1,172
667
505
2,654
558
2,096
933
933
0 5,959
1,449
4,510
18,398
6,016
12,382
27,557
6,352
21,205
40,381
6,884
33,497
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
BoysandGirls
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Age
Total Girls Boys
Populations Under 17 Years of Age
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Populations Under 17 Years of AgeIntending to Travel within the Following 12 Months,
by Country of Destination and Gender
Population Under 17Years of Age
Population Under 17 Years ofAge Intending to Travel
% of Population Under 17 Yearsof Age
Intending to Travel
TOTAL 1,247,048 21,643 1.7
Girls 613,548 11,672 0.9
Boys 633,500 9,971 0.8unitefor
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18,416
9,655
8,761
300
0 300
387 3
870 1
,152
963 189
394
0 394 994 6
67327
-
2,000
4,0006,000
8,000
10,00012,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
United
States
(1.5%)
Mexico
(0.0%)
El Salvador
(0.0%)
Canada
(0.1%)
Spain
(0.0%)
Other
(0.1%)
Total Girls Boys
R t d P l ti U d 17 f A
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Returned Populations Under 17 of Age,
by Country and Gender
TOTAL 1,247,048 100.00%
Returned under 17-year-old 13,888 1.1Cause of Return
Financial crisis 1298 0.1
Deportation 584 0.0
Others 12006 1.0
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5,155
4,260 89
5
5,140
3,170
1,970
210
0 210
378
189
189
3,005
1,256
1,749
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
United
States (0.4%)
Mexico (0.4%) El Salvador
(0.0%)
Canada (0.0%) Others
(0.2%)
Total Girls Boys
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Direct Effects of the Crisis
Debt
Reduction in monetary income
Higher costs, especially of food
Reduced consumption and reduced quality Reduction of general expenses (clothes, shoes,
services)
Deterioration of health care
A higher impact on large and extremely poor families,widows, single mothers; alcoholism among heads of
families
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Strategies Used by Families
Engaging children in temporary or permanent child labor; Investing less money on food and education for boys,
girls, and adolescents;
Sending children away with adults to work in agriculture
outside their region and their country; Overloading boys, girls, and adolescents with domestic
chores and with taking care of other children;
Sending children to school without breakfast and without
any money for a snack at school; Moving boys, girls, and adolescents into the care of
uncles and aunts, grandparents, or other close relatives.
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Recommendations To implement efforts to strengthen the capabilities of
families to make good use of remittances, particularly intimes of crisis.
To support municipal governments in changing investment
priorities and developing specific municipal plans to address
the crisis.
To increase the coverage of conditioned monetary transfers.
To strengthen social protection for children, adolescents,
and women by reallocating resources to support these
population groups.
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To promote and exchange regional and Iberoamerican strategies based
on a human rights approach and in accordance with the Convention on
the Rights of the Child, including actions to promote the participation of
boys, girls, and adolescents in all matters pertaining to them, against
violence, mistreatment, abuse, teenage pregnancies, commercial sexual
exploitation, child labor, trafficking in persons, and migrant smuggling.
Paragraph from the X Iberoamerican Conference of Ministers and Responsible Authorities for
Children and Youth, San Salvador, June 19, 2008.
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All the rights
in all places, for allpersons
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THANK YOUFOR
YOUR ATTENTION
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