Main MessagesDecember 2011

EQUAL?

In the last 20 years, university enrollments for women grew 7-fold … and in 2009 women are 51% of college students…

Equal?

…. and yet challenges remain:

• 35 million girls are still out of school todaymany of them in Sub-Saharan Africa or among minority populations

• Large gender differences in field of study (education streaming)

In low & middle income countries life expectancy among women has increased by 20 years since 1960

…. And yet, relative to boys and men, almost 4 million women die too early each year in the developing world compared with rich countries

Equal?

Excess female mortality in the developing world

1990

2008

29.7%

36.8%

24.7%

15.9%

31.5%

34.7%

1990: 4.082 million2008: 3.882 million

In the last 30 years, 552 million joined the labor force and today, 4 out of 10 workers globally are women

Equal?

In the last 30 years, 552 million women joined the labor force

+ 7%+ 16%+ 5%+ 2%+ 4%+ 2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

East Asia & Pacific

Europe & Central Asia

High income

Latin America & Caribbean

Middle East & North Africa

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

World

female labor force participation rate

- 7%

- 3%

In the last 30 years, 552 million joined the labor force and today, 4 out of 10 workers globally are women

Equal?

... And yet, on average, for every dollar a man makes, a woman earns 80 cents

Mexico 80¢ Germany 62¢

Bangladesh 12¢

Nigeria 60¢

For every dollar a man makes, a woman earns…

Malawi 90¢

Sri Lanka 50¢

All but 6 countries have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

Equal?

… and yet 510 million women will be abused by their partner in their lifetime

Japan (Yokohama)

Brazil (Sao Paulo)

Bangladesh (Matlab)

Ethiopia (Butajira)

percentage women abused

Domestic violence: percentage women abused

13%

27%

42%

49%

246,000 women

All but 6 countries have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

Equal?

… and only 19% of parliamentarians in the world are women

What does the WDR do?

The Report asks 3 questions:

(1) Do these inequalities matter?

(2) Why do they persist?

(3) What do we do to eliminate them?

(1) Do these inequalities matter?

Is the right thing to do…

... is the smart thing to do

• economic costs

… equalizing access to inputs such as land and fertilizers would increase agricultural output by

… eliminating employment segregation would increase labor productivity by as much as

Inequality has a cost

2-4%

3-25%

• shortchanges the next generation

… women’s control of household earnings changes spending in favor of children

… educated women invest more in children

… witnesses of violence tend to become abusers

Inequality has a cost

• and leads to suboptimal institutions and policies

… In India, women in political office increased public investments in water

… In the US, voting rights from women reduced infant mortality by

Inequality has a cost

8-15%

… these problems do not go away with growth

… and costs will grow bigger in a globalized world

…and the cost is growing

(2) Why do gaps persist?Underlying causes of gender inequality

HOUSEHOLDS

FORMAL INSTITUTIONS

MARKETSENDOWMENTS

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES

AGENCY

INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS

policies

Growth

Gend

er E

qual

ity

No Progress: Economic Opportunities

HOUSEHOLDSMARKETSAGENCY

INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS

ENDOWMENTS

FORMAL INSTITUTIONS

FORMAL INSTITUTIONS

Biased law/regulations,

and limited infrastructure

MARKETSDifferential access to

labor/credit/land markets, and

networks

INFORMAL INSTITUTIONSSocial norms on

care/market work ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES

HOUSEHOLDSDifferential allocation

time/resources

Growth

Gen

der E

qual

ity

… gaps persist in the distribution of care tasks independent of market work and earning

Household maintenanceCare of members of the household

Persistent gender differences in houseand care responsibilities

(3) What do we do to eliminate these gaps?

Focus on gaps that: do not disappear with growth and matter most for development Gender gaps in human endowments

Earnings and productivity gaps

Gender differences in voice and agency The reproduction of gender inequality

over time

Target determinants of gender inequality

Expanding access to economic opportunities (I)

Alleviating time constraints requires:• Infrastructure improvements (water,

electricity, transport) and new (ICT) technology• Affordable child care (subsidies, public

provision, rural and informal women)• Institutional and other changes aimed at

shifting norms/responsibilities around housework

Increasing access to land and credit requires:• Legal reforms where women’s property rights

are restricted• Expansion of access to formal credit (beyond

microfinance), combined with training

Expanding access to economic opportunities (II)

Reduce discrimination in labor markets

• Increase women’s participation in male occupations/sectors• Subsidies + training• Affirmative action

• Strengthen women’s networks

Eliminate institutional barriers• Correcting gender biases in service

delivery• Reforming labor laws that treat

men/women differently

New trendsTrade, FDI and Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) Expanded access to economic

opportunities (jobs and access to markets)

Stronger incentives for gender reform Faster shifts in gender norms

Harnessing new trends requires:Removing existing constraints (time,

productive inputs, market and institutional failures)

Stronger partnerships with private sector

Access to finance and ICT Access to international markets

Expanding access to economic opportunities (III)

Enhancing women’s voice in fertility decisions requires:

• Increasing women’s decision-making power• Improving provision and quality of

reproductive health services• Using media to increase awareness

and shift norms

Shrinking gender gaps in voice and agency (I)

Increasing social and political participation requires:• Increasing education, training

and skill development• Changing beliefs about

leadership– Quotas– Role models

• Strengthening social movements – and other ways of exercising (social) voice

Shrinking gender gaps in voice and agency (II)

• Building human and social capital for girls

• Supporting school to work transition

• Building aspirations and agency for girls and boys

• Preventing risky behavior

Limiting the reproduction of gender inequalities across generations

Fighting resistance/building momentum:• Build coalitions (women’s groups can be powerful

part but also need to include men)• Leverage private sector to build the ‘business case’

for gender equality• Take advantage of “windows of opportunity”

Multiple paths to reform:• Balance “incremental” and “transformative” reforms

How to effectively enable sustainable gender reform?

Global action complementary to national action and policies• Focus on four priority areas plus one cross-cutting aspect --

supporting evidence-based public action through better data and improved knowledge

Three types of activities:• Providing financial support

Clean water and sanitation, maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS treatment

• Fostering innovation and learningProviding child care, investing in rural women, leveraging technology to

access markets, improving access to justice

• Leveraging effective partnershipsBilateral and multilateral donors, private sector, UN Women

Global agenda for greater gender equality

EQUAL!www.worldbank.org/wdr2012