M.A.I.N.

Events in Europe• In Western Europe trench warfare, stalemate

between France, Britain and Germany, bloody battles with several hundred thousands of casualties (Verdun, Marne)• In Eastern Europe Germans push back Russians after

initial Russian advances • Ottoman empire holds out against allied powers

(Gallipoli)• Austria and Italy fight in the Alps

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/WW1_TitlePicture_For_Wikipedia_Article.jpg

French postcard depicting the arrival of 15th Sikh Regiment in France

New Technology•Airplanes•Poison gas, gas masks•Tanks•Submarines•Heavy, far reaching artillery

World Wide Events • British dominions (Canada, Australia, New

Zealand) show considerable support, send many soldiers• Japan attacks German colonies in Pacific• Fighting in the colonies, many colonial

people support their “mother” country• 1917 US joins on the allied side• In Ottoman empire Armenian genocide

War at Home •Total War •Women •Propaganda •Conscription •Rationing

Ending the War (1918)The Tide Turns

• German troops fatigued• US had 140,000 “fresh” troops• 2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918)• Central Powers Crumble• Revolutions in Austria Hungary• Ottoman Empire surrenders• German soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser

Wilhelm II

End of the War (1918)• Armistice: 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918

Germany agrees to a cease-fire• 8.5 million soldiers dead• 21 million soldiers wounded• Cost of 338 billion dollars

Events at the end of the war• Wilson develops the 14 Points• 1-5: end to secret treaties (alliances), freedom of the seas, eliminating

imperial colonies, & reducing national militaries• 6-13: changing national boundaries, creating new nations, & allowing self-

determination• 14: League of Nations

• Paris Peace Conference – 32 Nations • Big 4

• Treaty of Versailles • USA didn’t sign or join The League

Outcomes• Germany loses territory (Treaty of Versailles), pays

heavy reparations• Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire dissolved, new

nation states• Britain, France, US take German colonies• Rising dissatisfaction in colonies because colonial

powers do not allow for more autonomy as promised -> independence movements gain more momentum• US, Japan new world powers• Russian Revolution 1917

Europe and the Middle East after WW I