Post on 05-Apr-2018
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Malnutrition Defined
Text extracted from
The World Food Problem
Leathers & Foster, 2004
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Malnutrition
Overnutrition
Undernutrition
Secondary
Malnutrition
Micronutrient
Malnutrition
Protein Energy
Malnutrition Most important
Protein Energy
Malnutrition
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Undernutrition
http://www.answers.com/topic/percentage-population-undernourished-world-map-png-1
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Secondary Malnutrition
Diet normal
Food not digested or
absorbed
Diarrhea
Parasites
Tapeworm
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Micronutrient Malnutrition
Deficiency in:
Vitamin A
Iodine
Iron
Zinc
Calcium
Vitamin D
B Vitamins
Vitamin C
Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency)
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Vitamin A Deficiency
500,000 childrenbecome blind each year xerophthalmia
Half of these will diewithin a year ofbecoming blind
Rice diet lacking green
vegetables Vitamin supplements
help: cost $3/year
Golden Rice could help
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Iodine Deficiency
Iodine deficiency affects 740 million people worldwide
single greatest cause of preventable
brain damage in babies
Goiter
Stillbirth
Miscarriages
Mental Retardation
Prevented by iodized salt
Best sources of natural iodine Sea weed
Sea foodGoiter (thyroid enlargement)
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
Affects 2 billion people, 90% live in developing
countries 39% of preschool children
52% of pregnant women
Reduced physical activity
mental activity
Increased birth mortality Worms
Malaria
HIV
High iron rice could help
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Iron, Vitamin A & Iodine Deficiency
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Other Deficiencies
Zinc Growth retardation
delayed sexualmaturation
skin and eye lesions 48% of world at risk for
zinc deficiency
Calcium Osteoporosis: bone loss
Vitamin D Rickets: bone
malformation
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Other Deficiencies
Vitamin C Causes Scurvy: problem in
refugee camps
Niacin Causes Pellagra: dermatitis,
diarrhea, dementia
Due to diet high in maize (lowin tryptophan)
Thiamin Causes Beriberi
Due to diet high in polished rice
Folate
Birth defects: Anancephaly and
Spina Bifida
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Protein Energy Malnutrition
(PEM)
Underconsumption ofcalories or protein
Most important form of
malnutrition Associated with poverty
Not enough food
Poor quality food
Kwashiorkor
Extreme protein deficiency
Marasmus
Extreme calorie deficiencyKwashiorkor
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Kwashiorkor
Protein deficiency oftenassociated with weaningonto thin cereal gruels. Cassava
Plantains
Bloating of the stomachdue to edema Fluid leaking into body
Wasted muscles
Antibodies degraded toprovide protein to body Infection
Dysentery
Death
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Marasmus
Calorie deficiency Lack of food
Poorest populations
Neglected Infants
children
Protein used for energy
Results in wasting Deterioration of tissues
Brain developmentimpaired
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Balanced Protein
Protein are made of aminoacids
Essential amino acids Body cannot make
Required in diet
Animal proteins haveperfect balance of aminoacids Meat
Milk
Eggs
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Complementing Proteins
Plant proteins are deficientin different essentialamino acids
Cereals Low in lysine
Beans Low in methionine
Must eat both cereal and
beans together to getbalanced amino acids Complementing proteins
Rice and Beans
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Calorie Deficiency
Most widespread problem
among poor
Cannot get enough calories
(energy) in diet Most get enough protein
Calorie requirements vary
Age
Sex
Pregnancy
Lactation
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Nutritional Needs
RDA
Recommended DailyAllowance
Level of nutrients adequate
for 97-98% of the group Good target for individuals
EAR
Estimated AverageRequirement
Level of nutrients adequatefor individuals in group
Always lower than RDA
Good target for averageintake of a group
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