Man → World School → Work Death ?

MARXLoss of

MeaningFramework: loss &

gain

Recovery?

Thesis: Bourgeois (Capitalist)

Antithesis: revolution

Synthesis: Communist SocietyNo Private Ownership

Capitalist

StateBusinessmen

WorkersExploitation/

SufferingClass

Structure

Religion: Opium

Alienation/ separation

Worker to the product/ activities

↑Meaning in life: free

time

→→→

→→

→→

→

→

→

→→ → →→ →

Parts: Replaceable→

SOCIALISM: no private individual would own the

“means of production” but the community as a whole

Wealth and power will be equally shared

by all

class struggle between the oppressed and the oppressors

there would be collective ownership of the means of production, and then there could be a classless society.

KARL MARX

“The trouble with the rat-race is that even if you win, you're still a rat.”

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

Study of group – where interaction process is vital

From this process, patterns of behavior evolve

Primary focus is not on individuals and individual behavior but on social behavior

SOCIOLOGY

HOW DO HUMANS APPEAR ON EARTH?

interested in discovering when, where and why humans appeared on earth, how and why they have changed since then, and how and why modern populations vary in certain physical features

WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?

Physical Anthropology:

ArcheologyCultural Anthropology

Scientific Linguistics

FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Concerned with physical changes of man

race evolution, racial classifications

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

The main pieces of evidence for evaluating prehistoric societies are:Fossils

Has an organic lifeWithstood the test of time

Artifacts Man-madeWithstood the test of time

ARCHEOLOGY

MAIN TECHNIQUE OF ARCHEOLOGY

Culture: way of life which is learned and transmitted by means of language

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

To see is to believe. Your friend gave you these 2 plates and it just so happened that this will be your first time to see such foods. Meaning, you are not influenced by your past experiences. Your friend maintained that plate B is the real food. How would you know that the other is not real? What are your grounds that made you claim on such assertion? –

A B

systematic study of recorded and unrecorded languages all over the world.

to know how man was able to communicate with his fellow humans, as a result of which, culture developed.

SCIENTIFIC LINGUISTICS

HOW SOCIOLOGY DEVELOPED

idea of positivismreports of sensory

experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge

only authentic knowledge is that which allows positive verification

Society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws.

AUGUSTE COMTE

1.Theological or religious stage

2.Metaphysical or abstract reasoning stage

3.Positive or scientific stage

3 STAGES OF KNOWLEDGE FOR COMTE:

BY MERE OBSERVATION, HOW CAN YOU PROVE TO ME THAT THE WORLD IS NOT FLAT?

RenaissanceReligion vs. ScienceCopernicusGalileo

TRADITIONS (CHURCH): EARTH AS CENTER OF THE UNIVERSEPsalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, 1 Chronicles 16:30

“the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.”

Psalm 104: 5 “the Lord set the earth on its foundations;

it can never be moved.”Ecclesiastes 1:5

“and the sun rises and sets and returns to its place”

Heliocentrism (telescope) vs. GeocentrismCopernicus: parallax

Heresy = imprisoned

as the viewpoint moves side to side, CLOSE = faster,FAR = slower.The planet moves faster when nearer the Sun.

(kepler)

PARALLAX (displacement)

human societies evolved from simple forms (primitive societies) to more complex forms (industrial societies).

through natural selection, those societies that adapt to their environment and compete successfully will persist (SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST).

eventually lead to social progress which constituted social justice

HERBERT SPENCER

He believed that individual members of a society live and die, but a certain structure in their activities remain

EMILE DURKHEIM

MECHANICAL SOLIDARITYSimilar tasks

ORGANIC SOLIDARITYVariable tasks

2 TYPES OF SOCIAL SOLIDARITY

belief systems can affect people’s actions Subjectively and

objectively patterns in social action

which he classified as value-oriented, goal-oriented actions

MAX WEBER

As societies grew more complex and encompassed different groups, a hierarchy of gods developed and as power in the society became more centralised, the concept of a single, universal God (ethical monotheism) became more popular and desirable.

RELIGION DIRECTS CAPITALISM

PLEASURES VS. SUCCESSactions were motivated by a highly

moral and respected philosophy

SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM

All social relations are creations of human will

FERDINAND TOENNIES

Essential Will - Gemeinschaftsympathy Friendship/

community groupArbitrary Will -

Gesellschaft activity with regard

to the futurecity and state

2 TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS WITHIN THE CONTEXTS OF HUMAN WILL

social network between individuals who are in constant interaction with one another.

GEORGE SIMMEL

Primary function of ritual is, by giving expression to the collective “sentiments of a society”, to contribute to social cohesion

ALFRED REGINALD RADCLIFFE-BROWN

social systems like the family, religion, education, economics, politics, etc., which can be analyzed in terms of functions.

Value-consensus to him refers to an underlying agreement regarding the rules of system to achieve their goals.

Action was not to be conceived as completely free but was grounded in and circumscribed by norms and ultimate principles of actions (values).

TALCOTT PARSONS

1) Give an example of a material and non-material culture seen in the video.

2) Reasons a society conform to norms. Cite an example in the video.

3) Forms of social norms: folkways, mores, laws. give an example on each form as seen in the video.

4) What is the significance of having a "VALUE" in the society. Give one major “VALUE” orientation on each society seen in the video.

5) Values held highly by Filipinos.6) CITE 4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE in

connection with the video.7) Modes of acquiring a culture and relate it in the video.8) Familiarize yourselves with the following terms:

ethnocentrism, xenocentrism, cultural relativism, subcultures, culture shock, culture lag, cultural exchange, acculturation, cultural dualism, cultural universal, and cultural diversity

300 KILOMETRO: ANG PAGLALAKBAY

CULTURE - CIVILIZATION

MATERIAL AND IMMATERIAL CULTURE

NORMS & INTERNALIZATION

A. POSITIVE SANCTIONS

B. NEGATIVE SANCTIONS

C. PHYSICAL SANCTIONS

D. PSYCHOLOGICAL SANCTIONS

E. FORMAL SANCTIONS

F. INFORMAL SANCTIONS

NORMS & SANCTIONS

A. FOLKWAYS

B. MORES C. LAWS

FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS

A. PARALLELISMB. DIFFUSIONC. FISSIOND. CONVERGENCE

PROCESS OF CULTURE ADAPTATION