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The ASFN 6th Conference2 June, 2015, 16:15-17:30
Parallel 3: Management and Governanceof Dynamic Forest Landscape
Mapping a full cycle of swidden cultivation in themountains of Myanmar and Laos:
Lessons learned from long-term monitoring of swiddencultivation in one Karen and one Khmu village
Takeda, ShinyaGraduate School of Asia and African Area Studies,
Kyoto University
Swidden farming is found throughout the mountains ofmainland Southeast Asia; however, there is a currentpreference for other land-use systems. The recent trendtoward a market economy has forced the people and forestsin the mountains to undergo various changes as theyintegrate into the world market. They have been impactedby the enclosure movement called the Land and ForestAllocation Program, the expansion of the cultivation of cashcrops such as maize and Para rubber trees, the increase inlogging concessions, and re-afforestation aimed at industrialwood resources.
Introduction
Khmu village,Viangkham district,Louang Phabang province,Lao PDR
Karen village, Toungoo district,the Bago division, Myanmar
Research sites
Inle Lake
YANGON
•MYANMAR
the Bago mountains
Bago Yoma, Swidden Farming and Karen Area
•After the colonization of LowerBurma in 1853, reserved forestswere established by the colonialgovernment in the Bagomountains (Bago Yoma), thehomeland of the Karen swiddencultivators.
•Swidden farming was banned toprotect teak forests for long-termcommercial exploitation.
•YANGON
•MYANMAR
•Karen areas were demarcatedwhere they have been allowed tofreely practice swidden farming.
Bago Yoma, Swidden Farming and Karen Area
the Bago mountains
•Cutting the field January - March •Burning the field April
•Taungya in rainy season July •Harvest of upland rice November
Bambusa polymorpha (chataungwa)Bambusa tulda ( thaiwa )
8Livelihood: remoteness and self-sufficiency
•Swidden farming and livelihood
•9
10Bambusa polymorpha(ChataungWa)
11
12
①2002 ②2003 ③2004 ④2005 ⑤2006
⑥2007 ⑦2008 ⑧2009 ⑨2010 ⑩2011
relocation of the village
bamboo flowering
15Total area ofswidden plots (ha)
Number ofswidden plots
Average plotsize（ha）
Average fallowperiods (years)
①2002 161.46 60 2.69 17.9
②2003 141.15 66 2.14 15.1
③2004 179.91 75 2.40 12.8
④2005 196.88 73 2.70 13.0
⑤2006 96.06 56 1.72 11.9
⑥2007 162.73 72 2.26 12.4
⑦2008 166.34 77 2.16 11.4
⑧2009 149.81 71 2.11 13.9
⑨2010 146.41 62 2.36 13.6
⑩2011 56.62 68 0.83 11.4
relocation ofthe village
bambooflowering
Current year taungya, young fallow and old fallow
Nyein Chan et.al., 2013. Forest Ecology and Management,304
Above-ground biomass accumulation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 Oldforest
Aver
age
dry
biom
ass
(Mg/
ha)
Fallow age (years)
ClimberUnderstoreyDead bambooLive bambooTree
Above-ground biomass accumulation
Ln (y) = 2.439+0.629 Ln (x)(R2 = 0.721, P<0.001)
- c.35-years to naturalteak-bearing forests
- Faster than otherfallows in NorthernThai & NW. Vietnam
Nyein Chan et.al., 2013. Forest Ecology and Management,304
Suckers/rhizomes and coppicing – important regeneration
strategies
Transition in swidden land use
Transition of indigenous uses
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
% o
f tot
al H
Hs
Year
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
2005 – Village move to new place near to road2010 – Private plantation nearby
Nyien Chan.2015. Ethnic groups, transition in their indigenoususes of forest resources and current trend in fallow forest recovery
swidden paddy
Noswidden
Teaktaungya
1=2002
Community forest ?
November 2014Teak regeneration in swidden field
Research Site
•S village in Luang PrabangProvince
•Khmu people
•84 household opened 96 fieldsin 2005
•82 household opened 96 fieldsin 2006
隣村借地
焼畑地
Swidden farming 2005-2011
•Ｍａｉｚｅ Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ Ｔｈａｉｌａｎｄ
Ｙｏｕｎｇ ｆａｌｌｏｗ ｗｉｔｈ Ｙａ Ｋｈｉ Ｌｏ
‘the end of cheap food’(The Economist 6 December 2007)
High food prices and the food crisis- experiences and lessons learned, FAO 2009
Dec 2012, new road was constructed !
MyanmarKaren swidden cultivation(2002～2011 10 years）
LaosKhmu swidden cultivation(2005～2011 7 years）
Village area 4,973.94ha ATotal are of swidden 161.46ha BPotential fallow period 30.8years (A/B)Average fallow periods 12 years
1,673.88ha A143.65ha B11.7years (A/B)
4 years
Comparison of swidden cultivation system in Karen and Khmu village
maizegoat, pig, cattle, buffalo
(cassava production for feed)paper mulberry, lac,
agarwood,para rubber
Sesame, cotton,chili
commercial crop productive fallow commercial crop productive fallow
continuousupland farming
Para rubberplantation
small paddy field teak plantation
subsistence upland rice production
wage labor
charcoal andbamboo
Consequences of Myanmar’s reintegrationinto the world……
Swidden agriculture has experienced drastictransformation in to other diverse market-orientedland use types. People living close to roads tendto develop market-oriented farming practices.
Intensive plantations is another emerging driverof the rapid transformation of swidden fields.
Out migration; work away from home village.....
A case study in Matupi, southern Chin State, Myanmar.(Nyein Chan & Shinya TAKEDA. 2015. Can Wa-U (Amorphophallus spp.) cultivation be an
alternative livelihood option for swidden cultivators in the course of swidden transformation?)
• Extent of swidden transformation in T village
27
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
010203040506070
Are
a (h
a)
No.
of h
ouse
hold
s (H
Hs)
Year
No. of HHsArea (ha)
(a)
Swidden transformations and rural livelihoods
Cash crops have often improved livelihoods butcomplete specialization for the marketincreases vulnerability. (Cramb 2009)
Positive market incentives and supportivegovernment policies are better thanstandardized, top-down directives.
Swidden farming plays a key role in 1) ensuringlivelihood safety of local people against marketfluctuations and 2)conserving biodiversity.
Swidden + Paddy FieldsSmall Scale Forest Management
vs
Large Scale Reforestation / Deforestation ?
⇒ Land policy
Consequences of Myanmar’s reintegration into theworld……and community livelihoods andenvironment conservation.
•30