Post on 10-Mar-2020
transcript
Marine fish larvae
microdiets – Beyond nutrition
Sagiv Kolkovski, John Curnow and Justin King
Aquaculture and Aquatic HealthAquaculture and Aquatic Health
The ProblemThe Problem
Marine fish larvae fed microdiets have
not, at this stage, matched the growth g g
and survival performances demonstrated
by larvae fed live feedsby larvae fed live feedsThe Problem
Marine fish larvae fed microdiets have
not, at this stage, matched the growth and
survival performances demonstrated by
larvae fed live feeds
From Larvi 2001Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Effect of various feeding protocols on Barramundi larvae25
20
m
10
15
Leng
th, m
m
5
L
02 6 10 14 18 22 26 28
Days post hatchDiet (Gemma micro) onlyGDiet (Gemma micro) day 2, rotifers days 2-4)
Diet (Gemma micro) day 4, rotifers days 2-8)Diet (Gemma micro) day 9. Rotifers days 2-13
Diet (Gemma micro) day 6, rotifers days 2-13, Artemia days 12-20
GG3G7G12G12A
Diet (Proton) day 6, rotifers days 2-13, Artemia days 12-20G12AP12A
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Fi h i W i t l Fi di A th
Weaning protocols of difference fish larvae species
Fish species Weaning protocol Findings AuthorsPikeperch Sander lucioperca(freshwater)
Weaning at hatch, 12 or 19 days post hatch (dph)
Best growth, survival and lowest deformities but high cannibalism at post-hatch weaning.
Kestemont et al. 2007
Solea senegalese Weaning protocols Artemia –fed larvae grew threefold less then fish fed an inert diet. Sudden weaning and co-feeding resulted in larger fish than late weaning.
Engrola et al. 2007
S b Di t h l b W i i d 15 20 d 25 L t th d i l t h d S t l 2007Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax Weaning period, 15, 20 and 25 dph
Lowest growth and survival rates when weaned at 15 dph. Highest at 25 dph
Suzer et al. 2007
Atlantic cod Weaning protocols, 0%, 50% and 100% Artemia replacement with MD
Highest survival and growth achieved in treatments with Artemia (100% and 50%)
Fletcher et al. 2007
Atlantic cod Larvae rearing protocols (review)
Weaning achieved at 22 with reduced growth. Higher growth achieved with late weaning (30
Rosenlund and Halldorsson, 2007(review) Higher growth achieved with late weaning (30
dph)Halldorsson, 2007
Fat snook Centropomus parallelus Weaning period Successfully weaned at 35 dph but higher growth achieved at 40 dph weaning
Alves et al. 2005
Common sole Solea sloea Weaning diets comparison Weaning at 30 DAH, one diet achieved comparable survival to Artemia treatment and better growth
Palazzi et al. 2006
Tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis Weaning protocols Co-feeding regimes preformed similar or better then Artemia regime
Chang et al. 2006
Dourado Salminus brasiliensis Weaning time Early weaning (3, 5 dph) resulted in lower survival although length and weight was not affected
Vega-Orellana
Pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus Weaning protocols Artemia –fed larvae showed the higest growth compared to diet fed larvae
Tesser et al. 2005compared to diet-fed larvae.
Sturgeon Acipenser sturio Weaning periods Long weaning (21 days) resulted in better growth and survival then short weaning (3 days)
Williot et al. 2005
Barramundi Lates calcarifer Weaning protocols Complete replacement of Artemia was achieved. However better survival achieved when small amount of Artemia was added.
Curnow et al 2006a, b
Dover sole S l l Diet type and weaning time Early weaning (42 dph) resulted at higher Rueda Jasso et alDover sole Solea solea Diet type and weaning time Early weaning (42 dph) resulted at higher survival. Late weaning resulted at higher growth.
Rueda-Jasso et al. 2005
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Factors affecting food particle utilisation
Physical factorssizeshapemovementingredients and bindersmoisture
Window of opportunity
moisture
Chemical factorsL hi (‘ ll’)
Digestive systemdi iLeaching (‘smell’)
Ingredients (‘taste’) Acceptance or rejectiondigestive enzymesperistaltic movementsdigestive tract developmentacid secretion, bile salts,
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Effect of krill hydrolysate on Yellowtail kingfish seriola lalandi larvae growth and survival
8000 00mg
6000.00
7000.00
8000.00
wet
wei
ght,
m ab
c
4000.00
5000.00
umbe
r x fi
nal w c
d
1000 00
2000.00
3000.00
s, fin
al fi
sh n
u
0.00
1000.00
Control Coated control Krill incorporated Krill coated
Bio
mas
lk k dKolkovski, Curnow, and King, 2006 Liquid krill hydrolysate was mixed with ethanol and sprayed over the microdiet
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Aquatic organisms (hydrolysate or extract) used as feed attractantsOrganism Tested on Reference
Balanus nauplii Herring Clupea harengus Dempsey 1978Balanus nauplii Herring Clupea harengus Dempsey, 1978
Tubifex blood worm Tilapia Iwai, 1980
Short necked clam Tapes japonica Japanees eel Anguilla japonica Hashimoto et al., 1968
Cod Gadus morhua Hermit crab Petrochirus diogenes Hazlett, 1971
Cod Gadus morhua Glass ell Anguilla anguilla Kamstra and Heinsbroek, 1991
Abalone Spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus Zimmer-Faust et al., 1984
Dungeness crab Cancer magister Little neck clam Protethace staminea Pearson et al., 1979
Pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum Spiny lobster Panulirus argus Reeder and Ache, 1980p p y g ,
Marine polychaete Perinereis brevicirrus
Red sea Bream Chrysophrys major Fuke et al., 1981
Shrimps Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
Mearns et al., 1987
Krill Euphausia pacifica Yellow perch Perca flavescens, Walleye Stizostedion vitreum, Lake whitfish Coregonus clupeaformis,
Kolkovski et al., 2000, Kolkovski, 2001
Krill Euphausia pacifica Barramndi, Lates calcarifer Curnow et al., 2006
Krill Euphausia pacifica American lobster Homarus americanus Floreto et al., 2001
Krill Euphausia pacifica Black tiger shrimp P. Monodon Smith et al., 2005
Mussel Mytilus edulis Gilthead sea beam Sparus aurata Tandler et al., 1982
Fish (non specific) Black tiger shrimp P. Monodon Smith et al., 2005( p ) g p
Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides De Oliveira and Cyrino, 2004
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Commercial / experiment microdiets effects on growth and survival of yellowtail kingfish larvae
ab
cWeaning period: 20 dph – 37 dph
aKolkovski et al. 2009
cb
43%14.5%16.7% survival
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Amino acid leaching after 8 min immersion in sea water
80
90
Gemma 150
Gemma 300
60
70
/ml
Gemma 0.3
Proton 2
Proton 3
Proton 4
30
40
50
Leac
hing
, nm
ol/
NRD 4/6
exp 150
exp 300
10
20
30
0
Amino AcidsKolkovski et al. 2009
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Amino Acids and other metabolites used as feed attractants in marine organismsRainbow trout Salmo gairdineri Mixture of L-amino acids Adron and Mackie, 1978
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Glycine Hughes, 1990
Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax Mixture of L-amino acids Mackie and Mitchell, 1982
Pig fish Orthopristis chrysopterus Glycine, Betaine Carr et al. 1977, 1978
Red sea bream Chrysophrys major Glycine, BetaineGlycine, Alanine, LysineValine Glutamic acid and Arginine
Goh and Tamura, 1980Fuke et al., 1981Ina and Matsui 1980Valine, Glutamic acid and Arginine Ina and Matsui, 1980
Gilthead sea breamSparus aurata
Glycine, Betaine, Alanine, Arginine Kolkovski et al., 1997
Turbot Scophthalmus maximus Inosine and IMP Mackie and Adron, 1978
Dover sole Solea solea Glycine, Betaine Mackie et al., 1980Glycine, Inosine, Betaine Metaillet et al., 1983
Puffer Fugu pardalis Glycine, Betaine Ohsugi et al., 1978
Japanese eel Anguilla japonica Glycine, Arginine, Alanine, Proline Yoshii et al., 1979
Cod Gadus morhua Arginine Doving et al., 1994
Herring Clupea herangus Glycine, Proline Damsey, 1984
Glass eel Anguilla anguilla Glycine, Arginine, Alanine, ProlineAlanine, Glycine, Histidine , Proline
Mackie and Mitchell, 1983Kamstra and Heinsbroek, 1991
Lobster Homarus Americanus Glutamate, Betaine, Taurine, Ammonium chloride Corotto et al., 1992
Western Atlantic ghost crab Ocypode quadrata
Butanoic acid, Carboxylic acid, Trehalose, carbohydrates, Homarine, Asparagine
Trott and Robertson, 1984
Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Taurine, Glycine, Trimethylamine, Betaine Harpaz et al., 1987
Abalone Haliotis discus Mixture of L-amino acid and lecithin Harada et al 1987Abalone Haliotis discus Mixture of L-amino acid and lecithin Harada et al., 1987
Gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio Glycine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Betaine Xue and Cui, 2001
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
4,0
Degree of hydrolysis (DH) of tested microdiets
3,0
,
a
2 0
3,0
roly
sis,
%
b
c
a
1 0
2,0
egre
e of
hyd
cc
0 0
1,0
De
0,0GM 150 GM 300 Proton 2/3 NRD 4/6 Exp Diet
Diets
DH was determined using pH-STAT technique utilizing yellowtail g p q g ykingfish digestive enzymes Lazo et al. 2009
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Changes in degree of ingredients hydrolysis (DH) in California halibut Paralichthys californicus larvae
a2.5
9 DAH 15 DAH 26 DAH
halibut Paralichthys californicus larvae
ab
ab
ab
b
a
aa
2.039 DAH 51 DAH
aa
a
bc
aba a
a
a
a
a
bc
c
aba
a
c
abc
ab
1.0
1.5
DH
(%)
b
b
ab ab
b
c
bb
ab
bb bc
b
a
bc
b
b
b
a
bc0.5
1.0
bcc
0.0Casein Fish meal 1 Fish meal 2 Krill meal Squid meal Rotifers Artemia Soy meal Wheat gluten
INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTSLazo, 2008, Adapted from Martinez-Montaño et al., 2006
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
MarumerizingMicrobound
Microencapsulated
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
MarumerizationRounded or spherical granules of extrudatesp g
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Sinking rates
70%
80%
90%
100%
yond
100
cm
30%
40%
50%
60%
f MD
to s
ink
bey
Wet MEM
Dry MEM
0%
10%
20%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
% o
f
Sinking Time, min.
y
MB
e D
iet R
etur
n (%
)
60
80
100
Proton 2
MicroGemma 150
MicroGemma 300
Kinko 0
Kolkovski et al. 2009
Accu
mul
ativ
e
20
40
60
Proton 4
Proton 3
Gemma 0.3
Kinko 1
Grow Best L3
Time, min2 4 6 8 10 12 14 NRD 4/6
NRD 5/8 Diet sizeJackson et al., 2005
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Leaching rates40
45
50Leaching rates of microdiet manufactured by microbound or maromerization
20
25
30
35
40
achi
ng, %
DW
5 min
0
5
10
15Lea 5 min
15 min
30 minAmino acid leaching profile from microbound or microencupsolated microdiets
Arg Lys GluHis Pro SerGlyTyr Ala Cys LeuVal Ile200-300 200-300 200-300 300-500 300-500 300-500 500-700 500-700 500-700
MB MEM dry
MEM wet
MB MEM dry
MEM wet
MB MEM dry
MEM wet
Microdiet type and particle size, μm
K lk ki t l 200980
100
120
g yAsp Thr
yyMet
y
Kolkovski et al., 2009.
% L
each
ing
40
60
80
%
0
20
Yufera et al., 2002.
MB – microbound diet MC – microencapsulated diet
Hydropathy index
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Microdiet Feeding Systems requirements
Very small amount of microdiet y
Very short feeding intervals
Changeable intervals during the day (higher feeding intervals
in the morning etc.)
Even distribution with no clumps
Larger distribution
Accommodate different particle sizes
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Feeding system
Very few systems designed specifically for microdiet !
“Spider”Delivery system
Raunes hatchery NorwayRaunes hatchery, Norway
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
Mode of Larval Feeding
‘Gulpers’Fish larvae
‘Nibblers’Rock lobsterRock lobsterPhyllosoma
‘Suckers’OctopusOctopus
paralarvae
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health
The ‘Holistic’ ApproachIntegrative approach is needed to be taken in the development g pp pof microdiets for fish larvae
Physiology of digestive system
I di
Nutritionlipids
proteinsIngredients proteins vitamins
TechnologyDiet manufacturing methods
Physical & chemical propertiesFeeding system
Weaning protocolsWeaning protocols
BetterIngestion, Digestion, Assimilation
Aquaculture and Aquatic Health