Mark 26-28

The events and suffering of Jesus before and including his trial and execution◦ Physical◦ Spiritual◦ Mental

The Crucifixion is central to Christian belief

From the Greek pascho = to suffer

Begins on Palm Sunday◦ When Jesus enters Jerusalem

Ends on Easter Sunday◦ When Jesus rises from the tomb

Duccio di Buoninsegna, c. 1255-1319Panel from the reverse of the

Maesta, 100 x 57 cmMuseo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena

New covenant replaces the old covenanto Based on death and resurrection

Eucharist/Communion◦ “Take, eat; this is my body…this is my blood of the

covenant, poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins” (Matt. 26-28)

◦ Consubstantiation Symbolically the body and blood of Christ◦ Transubstantiation Literally the body and blood of Christ

◦ Hocus Pocus – parody of the consecration of the Catholic Mass

hoc es corpus = this is my body

“The Last Supper” scene from Jesus of Nazareth◦ http://movieclips.com/5tsS-jesus-of-nazareth-movi

e-the-last-supper/

Dirk Bouts, c. 1410-1475Panel, 180 x 150 cm

Sint-Pieterskerk, Leuven

Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519Fresco, 460 x 856 cm

Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Juan de Juanes, 1510-1579Oil on panel, 116 x 191 cm

Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

Nicolas Poussin, 1594-1665

Canvas, 117 x 178 cm

National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh

In the Garden of Gethsemane Displays the human side of Jesus

◦ Internal Conflict “My father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from me;

yet not what I want but what you want” (Matt. 26:39) Predicts the disciples’ desertion

◦ Failed three times◦ “Could you not stay awake with me one

hour?...the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak” (Matt. 26: 40-41)

Andrea Mantegna, c. 1431-1506Panel, 63 x 80 cm

The National Gallery, London

Judas Iscariot◦ 30 pieces of silver◦ Arrived with “a large crowd with swords and

clubs, from chief priests and the elders of the people” (Matt. 26:47)

◦ Betrayed with a kiss “The one I will kiss is the man; arrest him” (Matt.

26:48) Shows Jesus’ acceptance/forgiveness

“Friend, do what you are here to do” (Matt. 26:50)

◦ Hanged himself

Caravaggio, 1573-1610Canvas, 133.5 x 169.5 cm

The National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin

Anthony van Dyck, 1599-1641Oil on canvas, 344 x 249 cm

Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

Caiaphas◦ High priest

Looked for testimony against Jesus◦ “Tell us if you are the Messiah”

“You have said so” (Matt. 26:63-64) Blasphemy

“He deserves death” (Matt. 26:66)

Gerard van Honthorst, 1592-1656Canvas, 272 x 183 cm

The National Gallery, London

“Though all become deserters because of you, I will never desert you”◦ “Truly I tell you…before the cock crows, you will

deny me three times” (Matt. 26:33-34)

David Teniers the Younger, 1610-1690

Canvas, 37 x 52 cm

Musee du Louvre, Paris

Pilate – Roman governor◦ Examines Jesus and decides he is innocent◦ The Jewish leaders and crowd demand death

Pilate’s wife warns him of her dream◦ “Have nothing to do with that innocent man” (Matt.

27:19) Pilate gives them a choice

◦ Save Barabbas (a criminal) or save Jesus The crowd screams for Jesus to be crucified

◦ “He took some water and washed his hands before the crowd, saying, ‘I am innocent of this man’s blood; see to it yourselves” (27:25)

Jesus is flogged and handed over to be crucified

“Jesus is Condemned before Pilate” scene from The Life and Mission of Jesus Christ◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPiNBKmgXIE

Hieronymus Bosch, c. 1450-1516

Panel, 75 x 61 cmStadelsches Kunstinstitut

und Stadtische Galerie, Frankfurt

Duccio di Buoninsegna, c. 1255-1319Panel from the reverse of the Maesta, 51 x 53 cm

Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena

Alejo Fernandez, 1496-1545/56Oil on panel, 49 x 35.4 cm

Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

Follower of Hieronymus Bosch, c. 1450-1516Panel, 165 x 195 cm

Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid

Simon (man from Cyrene) carries his cross Golgotha

◦ Place of a Skull◦ Offered wine mixed with gall

Refused it INRI

◦ “This is Jesus, the King of the Jews” (Matt. 27:37) Jesus dies

◦ “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matt. 27:46)

◦ Curtain of the temple is torn in two, from top to bottom Separation of God and the people

◦ The earth shook, the rocks split◦ Tombs opened and bodies of saints were raised

“Truly this man was God’s Son!” (Matt. 27:54)

“It is Finished” scene from Jesus of Nazareth◦ http://movieclips.com/6G9m-jesus-of-nazareth-mo

vie-it-is-finished/

Raphael, 1483-1520Oil on panel, 318 x 229 cmMuseo Nacional del Prado

Andrea Mantegna, c. 1431-1506Panel, 67 x 93 cm

Musee du Louvre, Paris

Mathias Grunewald, c. 1470-1528Panel of the Isenheim Alterpiece, 269 x 307 cm

Musee d’Unterlinden, Colmar

Diego Velazquez, 1599-1660Canvas, 250 x 170 cm

Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

What happened?◦ Tau cross (shaped like a T)

Patibulum (cross-arm) 110 lbs – forced to carry from the prison to the place of

execution Stipes (upright portion)

◦ Titulus (small sign) stating the victim’s crime Carried at the front of the procession

Hematidrosis (bloody sweat)◦ Very rare phenomenon◦ Occurs under great emotional stress

Tiny capillaries in the sweat glands can break, misxing blood with sweat

Experienced extreme blood loss during flagellation◦ Causes Jesus to fall

Simon of Cyrene (not the disciple) carries the patibulum the rest of the way

650 yards from the fortress Antonia to Golgotha

Offered wine mixed with myrrh (mild painkiller)◦ Jesus refuses

Nails driven through small bones of the wrists (radial and ulna), not through the palms◦ Heavy, square, wrought-iron nail

Nail driven through the arches of both feet◦ Knees moderately flexed

Slowly sags down putting weight on wrists and the median nerve; alternating with weight on the metatarsal bones of the feet

Cramping causes it to be impossible to push up◦ Pectoral muscles are paralyzed and intercostal

muscles are unable to act◦ Air can be drawn in but cannot be exhaled◦ Carbon dioxide builds up in the lungs and the blood

stream This causes the cramping to stop for a short bit, which

allows him to push up and breathe “Father, forgive them for they do not know what they are

doing” (Luke 23:34) “To the “good” thief, “Today you will be with me in

Paradise” (Luke 23:43) To John, “Here is your mother.” To Mary, “Woman here is

your son” (John 19:26-27) “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matthew

27:46)

Back tissue is torn as his back moves up and down

Pericardium slowly fills with serum and begins to compress the heart◦ Struggles to pump blood

Breathing in small gulps of air Dehydrated

◦ “I am thirsty” (John 19:28)◦ A sponge soaked in posca (cheap, sour wine) is lifted

to his lips, but he doesn’t drink “It is finished…Father! Into thy hands I commit

my spirit” (John 19:30; Luke 23:46)

Commonly the legs were broken to keep the victim from pushing himself upward◦ Jesus was already dead

For assurance, the legionnaire drove his lance through the fifth interspace between the ribs, upward through the pericardium and into the heart◦ “And immediately there came out blood and water”

(John 19:34) From the sac surrounding the heart

Did not die of suffocation, but of heart failure due to shock and constriction of the heart by fluid in the pericardium

Joseph from Arimathea◦ Asks for Jesus’ body (from Pilate)

Covers the tomb with a large stone Mary and Mary Magdalene sit opposite the

tomb Tomb is guarded by Pilate’s soldiers

Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1399/1400-1464

Panel, 111 x 95 cmGalleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Sebastiano del Piombo, 1485-1547Oil on canvas, 226 x 114 cm

Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

Angel rolls back rock from tomb◦ Guards are afraid and become like dead men

Speaks to Mary and Mary Magdalene◦ “He is not here; fore he has been raised…Come,

see the place where he lay” (Matt. 28:6)

Priests say his body has been stolen by the disciples

Jan and Hubert van Eyck, c. 1385-1441 and 1366/70-1425Panel, 71.5 x 90 cm

Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam

“Unless I see the mark of the nails in his hands, and put my finger in the mark of the nails and my hand in his side, I will not believe” (John 20:25)

Caravaggio, 1573-1610Vanvas, 107 x 148 cmNeues Palais, Potsdam

Giotto, c. 1267-1337Fresco, 185-200 cm

Scrovegni Chapel, Padua

Attributed to Giotto, c. 1267-1337

Panel, 45 x 44 cmThe National Gallery, London